Chapter 2- Organic Chemistry

Question 1

Element

Answer 1

Substance that cannot be broken down by normal chemical means, 92 elements
C, H, N, O2, P, S

Question 2

Atoms

Answer 2

Smallest part of an element that can enter a chemical element

Question 3

Subatomic particle

Answer 3

A particle that is composed of atoms

Question 4

Protons

Answer 4

Are positively charged particles, have mass, and are located in the center, or nucleus of the atom

Question 5

Electrons

Answer 5

Always moving, negative charge, 0 atomic mass unit

Question 6

Neutrons

Answer 6

Neutral charge, 1 atomic mass unit

Question 7

Atomic weight

Answer 7

protons + # neutrons

Question 8

Atomic number

Answer 8

of protons in an atom

Question 9

Electrical charge

Answer 9

of protons - # of electrons

Question 10

Mixture

Answer 10

Two or more atoms in a non-specific ratio

Question 11

Compound

Answer 11

Two or more atoms in a fixed ratio, H2SO4, H2O

Question 12

Molecule

Answer 12

Smallest compound particle that can enter into a chemical reaction, in order to form this energy relationships are developed through atoms, positive and negative atoms attract

Question 13

Octet rule

Answer 13

8, inner cell is FULL and STABLE when it contains 2 electrons, remaining cells are FULL and STABLE when it has 8, each shell must be filled before moving on to the next shell

Question 14

Chemical bonds

Answer 14

Has to have energy to form a bond, energy is released when bond is broken, energy relations is between atoms

Question 15

Ionic bonds

Answer 15

form between two or more atoms by the transfer of one or more electrons between atoms, stable, have to fulfill octet rule

Question 16

Covalent bond

Answer 16

sharing of electrons to form electron pairs between atoms, strongest type of chemical bonds, 3 types

Question 17

Single covalent bond

Answer 17

1

Question 18

Double covalent bond

Answer 18

2

Question 19

Triple covalent bond

Answer 19

3 (strongest)

Question 20

Hydrogen bond

Answer 20

Electropositive region of one molecule is attracted to the electronegative molecule, water molecules are held together by this, weakest kind of chemical bond

Question 21

Inorganic molecule

Answer 21

No carbon contained

Question 22

Water

Answer 22

Inorganic molecule, 60% to 70% of body weight, universal solvent, distributes heat, muscles produce heat, digestive tract

Question 23

Non-polar

Answer 23

Neutral, stable when added to water

Question 24

Polar

Answer 24

Electrical charge, dissolves in water

Question 25

Electrolytes

Answer 25

Dissolves in water, releases ions

Question 26

Acids

Answer 26

Releases hydrogen bonds when in water,left of 7 on ph scale (more hydrogen ions)

Question 27

Bases

Answer 27

Releases OH- ions when in water, right on ph scale

Question 28

Ph scale

Answer 28

0-14, 7 is neutral, hydrogen scale,pure water has a ph of 7,each number movement represents a tenfold increase or decrease

Question 29

Organic molecules

Answer 29

Contains carbon and hydrogen

Question 30

Carbohydrates

Answer 30

Organic, simple sugars,short term energy, CH2O, monosaccharides, has 3 basic structures

Question 31

3 structures of carbohydrates

Answer 31

Chains, branched, ring

Question 32

Lipids

Answer 32

Non polar, fats, long term energy, hormones, glycerol+ 3 fatty acids

Question 33

Proteins

Answer 33

Controls majority of an individual’s physical traits, the shape determines the function, short term energy, contains enzymes

Question 34

Amino Acids

Answer 34

Serine. Contains central carbon, a carboxyl group, an amino group, hydrogen. They are initially bonded together when the amine group of 1 amino acid form a peptide bond with the carboxyl group of an adjacent amino acid

Question 35

Enzymes

Answer 35

Speed up reactions, there will be no chemical reactions if enzymes weren’t there, each chemical reaction requires a different enzyme

Question 36

Primary

Answer 36

Linear sequence of amino acids held together by peptide bonds

Question 37

Secondary

Answer 37

Chemical bonds form between the r groups, resulting in a combination of two shapes: helix & pleated sheets

Question 38

Tertiary

Answer 38

Further chemicals bonds between the r groups leading to a globular (spherical) shape, some proteins can function at this stage

Question 39

Quaternary

Answer 39

At least two independent tertiary structures bond together to form a functional unit – globular (spherical) shape

Question 40

What temp do proteins need to function?

Answer 40

98.6

Question 41

What does changing the temp do?

Answer 41

Denatures the protein (shape changes & does not work anymore)

Question 42

What pH do proteins need?

Answer 42

7.4

Question 43

What does changing pH do?

Answer 43

Denatures the protien

Question 44

Nucleic Acids

Answer 44

Sugar + Phosphorus + Nitrogenous Base pH = above 7 Function: energy store & energy transfer (ATP) / information storage (DNA) & information transfer (RNA) / Info Storage: Info needed to produce proteins is found in nucleus in form of DNA Info Transfer: RNA is produced in nucleus from DNA, transported out of the nucleus