Chapter 2 Part 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What was similar among all the 13 English colonies along the Atlantic Coast of North America?
A
All colonies received their identities and authorities to operate by means of a charter from the English monarch
2
Q
What is a charter?
A
A document granting special privileges;
Each charter described in general terms the relationship that was supposed to exist between the colony and the crown
3
Q
What are the three types of charters/colonies? (First type)
A
Corporate colonies were operated by joint-stock companies, at least during these colonies’ early years;
Ex: Jamestown, Virginia
4
Q
What are the three types of charters/colonies? (Second type)
A
Royal colonies were to be under the direct authority and rule of the king’s government;
Ex: Virginia after 1624
5
Q
What are the three types of charters/colonies? (Third type)
A
Proprietary colonies were under the authority of individuals granted charters of ownership by the king;
Ex: Maryland and Pennsylvania
6
Q
What was different between French and Spanish colonists vs English colonists in terms of their government structures?
A
The English brought a tradition of representative government;
They held elections for representatives who would speak for property owners and decide important measures, such as taxes, proposed by the king’s government
7
Q
By what time period was England finally in a position to colonize the lands explored more than a century earlier by John Cabot?
A
The 1600s
8
Q
What was England’s economy and population like in the 1600s?
A
England’s population was growing rapidly while its economy was depressed;
The number of poor and landless people increased, so these people were attracted to the opportunities in the Americas
9
Q
How did the English finance the costly and risky enterprize of finding colonies?
A
They used joint-stock companies
10
Q
How did a joint-stock company work?
A
It pooled the savings of many investors, thereby spreading the risk;
Therefore, colonies on the North Atlantic Coast were able to attract large numbers of English settlers
11
Q
What happened in 1607 regarding English expansion?
A
England’s King James I chartered the Virginia Company, a joint-stock company that founded the first permanent English colony in America at Jamestown in
1607
12
Q
Why was Jamestown struggling in its first five years? (Part 1)
A
- It was located in a swampy area along the James River, which resulted in outbreaks of dystentry and malaria
- Many of the settlers were gentlemen who refused to labor; others were gold-seeking adventureres who refused to hunt or farm
13
Q
Why was Jamestown struggling in its first five years? (Part 2: Trade)
A
-One key source of goods was from trade with the local American Indians, but when conflicts arose between the settlers and natives, trade would stop and settlers went hungry, which was a persistent issue
14
Q
Who was the forceful leader of Jamestown at first?
A
Captain John Smith
15
Q
How did Jamestown survive after its first five years?
A
Through the efforts of John Rolfe and Pocahontas, the colony developed a new variety of tobacco that would become popular in Europe and be a profitable crop
16
Q
How many Virginia colonists were alive by 1624?
A
2,000 of the 6,000
17
Q
What happened in 1624 regarding the change of the type of colony Jamestown was?
A
King James I revoked the charter of the noew bankrupt Virginia company and took direct control of the colony;
The name Jamestown was changed to Virginia, and it became England’s first royal colony
18
Q
Why were the Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay colonies settled?
A
For religious motivation, not the search of wealth
19
Q
Who made up the population of the Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay colonies?
A
English Protestants who dissented from the official government-supported Church of England (also known as the Anglican Church)
20
Q
What were the issues the English Protestants had with the Anglican Church?
A
The dissenters charged that the Church of England should break more completely with Rome and adopted Calvin’s doctrine of predestination.
21
Q
What was Calvin’s doctrine of predestination?
A
The belief that God guides those he has selected for Salvation even before their birth
22
Q
Who were the Protestant dissenters influenced by?
A
Swiss theologian John Calvin, founder of Calvinism
23
Q
What did King James I do in response to the Protestant dissenters?
A
He viewed tham as a threat to his religious and political authority and ordered them arrested and jailed
24
Q
Why were the radical dissenters of the Church of England known as the Separatists?
A
Because they wanted to organize a completely separate church that was independent of royal control
25
How did Separatists come to be known as Pilgrims?
Because several hundred of them left England for Holland in search of religious freedom
26
Why did the Pilgrims seek another haven for their religion besides Holland?
Because of economic hardship and cultural differences with the Dutch
27
What was the haven that the Pilgrims decided on?
They chose the new colony in America, then operated by the Virginia Company of London
28
What happened in 1620 regarding English expansion?
A small group of Pilgrims set sail for Virginia aboard the Mayflower. The majority of people on the ship had economic motives for making the voyage however.
29
Where did the Mayflower land?
After 65 days at sea, it landed off the Massachusetts coast, but instead of going to Jamestown as planned, the Pilgrims decided to establish a new colony at Plymouth
30
Who helped out the settlers at Plymouth?
Friendly local American Indians helped them to adapt to the land after their first winter saw half their number perish
31
When was the first Thanksgivine feast held and among who?
It was held in 1621 among the Pilgrims and friendly American Indians at Plymouth, Massachusetts
32
Under whose leadership did the Plymouth colony grow slowly but remain small?
Captain Miles Standish and Governor William Bradford
33
What were the mainstays of the Plymouth economy?
Fish, furs, and lumber
34
Why were the more moderate Protestant dissenters come to be known as the Puritans?
Because they believed that the Church of England could be reformed and they wanted to purify the church
35
What happened in 1625 regarding the English monarchy?
Charles I's reign began, upon which the persecution of Puritans increased
36
What happened in 1629 regarding English expansion?
A group of Puritans gained a royal charter for the Massachusetts Bay Company
37
What happened in 1630 regarding English expansion?
About a thousand Puritans led by John Winthrop sailed for the Massachusetts shore and founded Boston and several other towns
38
What happened in the Great Migration of the 1630s?
Some 15,000 settlers arrived to the Massachusetts Bay Colony as a civil war raged in England
39
What did the Virginia Company do to encourage settlement in Jamestown?
They guaranteed colonists the same rights as residents of England, including representation in the lawmaking process
40
What, when, and by who was the first representative assembly in America organized?
The House of Burgesses was organized in 1619 by Virginia's colonists
41
What was the Mayflower Compact, and how was it formed?
The Mayflower Compact was an early form of colonial self-government and a rudimentary written constitution;
It was drawn up and signed by the Pilgrims aboard the Mayflower
42
In the Massachusetts Bay Colony, who had the right to participate in yearly elections of the colony's governor, his assistants, and a representative assembly?
All freemen (male members of the Puritan Church)
43
Who in the colonies had little-to-no rights?
Most colonists;
| This included females, the landless, slaves, and indentured servants
44
What does the existence of slavery and widespread mistreatment of American Indians have to do with the democratic ideas developing in the colonies.
It shows that the gradual development of democratic ideas in the colonies coexisted with antidemocratic practices such as slavery and the widespread mistreatment of American Indians
45
What occured in 1632 regarding the Virginia colony?
King Charles I subdivided it; He chartered a new colony on either side of Chesapeake Bay and granted control of it to George Calvert (Lord Baltimore), thus making Maryland the first proprietary colony
46
Why was George Calvert (Lord Baltimore) granted control of the Maryland colony?
It was granted to him as a reward for this Catholic nobleman's service to the crown
47
Who was Cecil Calvert?
He was the second Lord Baltimore after the first passed on before he could achieve great wealth in the colony while also providing a haven for his fellow Catholics;
Cecil was set about implementing his father's plan in 1634
48
What was the Act of Toleration of 1649?
Calvert persuaded the assembly to adopt this act, the first colonial statute granting religious freedom to all Christians;
However, the statute also called for the dearth of anyone who denied the divinity of Jesus
49
What was the issue landowners encountered in growing tobacco in Maryland and Virginia?
They could get land, either by taking it from or trading for it with American Indians, but they could not find enough laborers
50
Why were there little laborers in Virginia?
The high death rate from disease, food shortages, and battles with American Indians meant that the population grew slowly
51
Who were indentured servants in the English colonies, particularly to the Virginia Company?
Under contract with a master or landowner who paid for their passage, young people from the British Isles agreed to work for a specified period (usually between foru to seven years) in return for room and board
52
What would happen at the end of an indentured servant's work period?
At the expiration of that period, they gained their freedom and either worked for wages or obtained land of their own to farm
53
What was the issue of indentured servants to landowners?
The system provided laborers but only temporarily
54
What was the headright system in Virginia?
Virginia attempted to attract immigrants through offers of land;
They offered 50 acres of land to each immigrant who paid for his own passage and any plantation owner who paid for an immigrant's passage
55
What happened in 1619 regarding slavery?
A Dutch ship brought an unusual group of indentured servants to Virginia: they were black Africans
56
How were Africans treated in Virginia at first, and why?
Because English law at the time did not recognize hereditary slavery, the first Africans in Virginia were not in bondage for life, and any children born to them were free
57
Why were Africans and their offpring eventually kept in permanant bondage?
The early colonists were struggling to survive and too poor to purchse the Africans who were being imported as slaves for sugar plantations,
58
What happened by the end of the 1660s regarding slavery?
The Virginia House of Burgesses had enacted laws that discriminated between blacks and whites
59
What happened in the beginning of the 1660s regarding the economic state of Maryland and Virginia?
Low tobacco prices, as a result of overproduction, brought hard times to the Chesapeake colonies Maryland and Virginia
60
What happened when Virginia's House of Burgesses attempted to raise tobacco prices?
The merchants of London retaliated by raising their own prices on goods exported to Virginia
61
Who was Sir William Berkeley, and how did he rule?
He was the royal governor of Virginia;
| He used dictatorial farmers to govern on behalf of the large planters
62
Who was Nathaniel Bacon?
An impoverished gentleman farmer who lead a rebellion against Berkeley's government
63
Why did Bacon and others partake/create a rebellion?
Bacon and others resented the economic and political control exercised by a few large planters in the Chesapeake area.
64
What happened in 1676 regarding conflict in Virginia?
Bacon and an army of volunteers conductedd a series of raids and massacres against American Indian villages on the Virginia frontier
65
Did Bacon's army succeed in defeating the governor's foces and burn the Jamestown colony?
Yes
66
What happened soon after Bacon's Rebellion/Chesapeake Revolution?
- Bacon passed on of dysentery and the rebel army collapsed
| - Governor Berkeley executed 23 rebels
67
What long-lasting disputed did Bacon's Rebellion/Chesapeake Revolution highlight?
- Sharp class differences between wealthy planters and landless or poor farmers
- Colonial resistance to royal control
68
How did the Virginia Company abate its labor shortages?
- Indentured servants
- The Headright system
- Slavery
69
How were the Rhode Island and Connecticut colonies formed?
The Puritans often banished dissidents from the Bay colony;
| These banished dissidents ended up forming settlements that would become Rhode Island and Connecticut
70
Who was Roger Williams, and why was he banished from the Bay colony?
Williams went to Boston in 1631 as a respected Puritan minister;
However, he believed that the individual's conscience was beyond the control of any civil or church authority, which placed him in conflict of other Puritan leaders
71
What happened in 1636 regarding English expansion?
Williams fled southward from Boston to Narragansett Bay, where he and a few followers founded the settlement of Providence
72
In what ways was the Providence colony unique?
- It recognized the rights of American Indians and paid them for the use of their land
- Williams' government allowed Catholics, Quakers, and Jews to worship freely
73
Who was Anne Hutchinson, and what did she believe in?
Hutchinson was a dissident who questioned the doctrine of the Puritan authorities;
She believed in antinomianism
74
What is antinomianism?
The idea that faith alone, not deeds, is necessary for Salvation
75
What did Hutchinson and a group of her followers find in 1638?
They founded the colony of Portsmouth, not far from Williams' colony of Providence
76
What happened in 1644 regarding Rhode Island?
Williams was granted a charter from the Parliament that joined Providence and Portsmouth into a single colony, Rhode Island
77
Why was Rhode Island seen as a refuge for many?
Because the colony tolerated diverse beliefs
78
Who was Reverend Thomas Hooker, and what did he do?
He led a large group of Boston Puritans into the Connecticut River Calley and founded the colony of Hartford in 1636
79
What was the first written constitution in American history, and what's the history behind it?
The Hartford settlers
drew up the first written constitution in American history, the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639);
It established a representative government consisting of a legislature elected by popular vote and a governor chosen by that legislature
80
What happened in 1637 regarding English expansion?
John Davenport founded a second settlement in the Connecticut Valley called New Haven
81
What happened in 1665 regarding Connecticut?
New Haven joined with the more democratic Hartford settlers to form the colony of Connecticut;
The royal charter for Connecticut granted it
a limited degree of self-government, including election of the governor
82
What was the last colony to be founded in New England?
New Hampshire
83
What made up New Hampshire's population ?
It consisted of a few settlements north of Boston
84
Why was New Hampshire separated from the Bay colony, and when?
In 1679, King Charles II separated New Hampsire to increase royal control over the colonies
85
What type of colony was New Hampshire, and why?
It was a royal colony, subject to the authority of an appointed governor
86
What was a halfway covenant, and why did they exist?
To be a full member of a Puritan congregation, an individual needed to have experienced a conversion;
However, fewer members of the new native-born generation were having such experiences;
In an effort to maintain the church's influence and membership, a halfway covenant was offered by some clergy;
This way, people could become partial church members even if they had not felt a conversion
87
Why was the New England Confederation of 1643 formed, and who was part of it?
The New England colonies faced a constant threat of attack from American Indians, the Dutch, and the French;
However, England was in the middle of a civil war, so colonists could expect little assistance;
In response, four New England colonies (Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, Connecticut, and New Haven) formed this military alliance
88
How did the confederation operate?
The confederation was
directed by a board composed of two representatives from each colony;
It had limited powers to act on boundary disputes, the return of runaway servants, and dealings with American Indians
89
Up til when did the confederation last, and why?
1648;
| Because of colonial rivalries and renewed control by the English monarch
90
Who was Metacom (known to the colonists as King Philip), and what did he do?
A chied of the Wampanoags;
He united many tribes in southern New England against the English settlers because they were encroaching on the American Indians' lands
91
What happened in 1675-1676 regarding war?
A vicious war occured between New England colonists and the Amercians Indians;
Thousands on both sides were killed;
Colonial forces eventually prevailed, killing King Philip and ending most American Indian resistance in New England
92
In what English time perios were the New American colonies made?
The Restoration;
The name refers to the restoration to power of an English monarch, Charles II, in 1660 following a brief period of Puritan rule under Oliver Cromwell
93
What did Charles II give as a reward for helping him gain the English throne?
He granted a huge tract of land between Virginia and Spanish Florida to eigh nobles
94
What did the nobles to which Charles II granted land to so?
They became the lord proprietors of the Carolinas
95
What happened in 1729 regarding English expansion?
Two royal colonies, South Carolina and North Carolina, were formed from the original grant
96
What was the economy in South Carolina based on?
Trading furs and providing food for the West Indies
97
What happened in 1670 regarding South Carolina?
A few colonists from England and some planters from Barbados founded a town named for their king
98
What happened in the mid-18th century in South Carolina?
South Carolina's large rice-growing plantations worked by enslaaved Africans resembled the economy and culture of the West Indies
99
Why were there fewer large plantations and less reliance on slavery in North Carolina compared to South Carolina?
The region had few good harbors and poor transportation
100
What reputation did North Carolina earn in the 18th century?
For democratic views and autonomy from British colony
101
What type of plantations did farmers from Virginia and New England create in North Carolina?
They established small, self-sufficient tobacco farms
102
Why did Charles II try to compell the Dutch to give up their colony of New Amsterdam centered on Manhattan Island and the Hudson River Valley?
Because he wanted the crown's holdings along the Atlantic Coast and close the gap between the New England and the Chesapeake colonies
103
What did Charles II do in 1664?
He granted his brother, the Duke of York (the future James II), the lands lying between Connecticut and Delaware Bay
104
What did the Duke of York do?
As the lord high admiral of the navy, he dispatched a force that easily took control of the Dutch colony from its governor, Peter Stuyvesant;
James ordered his agents to rename the colony of New York to treat the Dutch settlers well and to allow them freedom to worship freely and speak their own language
105
What didn't James II do in his new colony?
He ordered new taxes, duties, and rents without seeking the consent of a representative assembly;
He actually insisted that no assembly should be allowed to form in his colony
106
Why did James II yield by allowing New York's governor to grant broad civil and political rights, including a representative assembly?
Taxation without representation met strong opposition from New York's English-speaking settlers, most of whom were Puritans from New England
107
Why did James II split the territory of New York?
He believed that the territory of New York was too large to administer
108
How was New York divided by James II?
- The section located between the Hudson River and Delaware Bay: Lord John Berkeley and Sir George Carteret
- West New Jersey and the other East New Jersey: one proprietor
109
How did the new proprietors of the now divided New York attract settlers?
Both made generous land offers and allowed religious freedom and an assembly
110
Why were the two Jerseys combined into a single royal colony in 1702?
Land titles in the Jerseys changed hands repeatedly;
| The inaccurate property titles added to the general confusion
111
Who were the Quakers, and what did they believe in?
(aka Religious Society of Friends)
They believed in the equality of all men and women, nonviolence, and resistance to military service;
They also believed that religious authority was found within each person's soul, not in the Bible or in any outside source
112
Why were the Quakers of England persecuted and jailed for their beliefs?
Their views posed a radical challenge to authority
113
Who was William Penn?
He was a young convert to the Quaker faith;
| He received considerable wealth from his father, who respected his sincerity
114
How did Penn get a colony in the Americas in 1681?
The royal family owed the father a large debt, which they paid to William in the form of a grant for a colony he called Pennsylavania
115
What does Pennsylvania mean?
Penn's woods
116
What was Penn's goals in creating Pennsylvania?
- Provide a religious refuge for Quakers and other persecuted people
- To enact liberal ideas in government
- Generate income and profits for himself
117
What was Penn's Frame of Government (1682-1683)?
It guaranteed a representative assembly elected by landowners in the Pennsylvania colony
118
What was Penn's Charter of Liberties (1701)?
It was a written constitution which guaranteed freedom of worship for all and unrestricted immigration
119
What was unusual about William Penn as the founder of an American colony?
- He crossed the ocean to oversee the founding of a new town on the Delaware River named Philadelphia
- He attempted to treat American Indians fairly and not cheat them when purchasing their land
120
How did Penn promote his colony?
He hired agents and published notices throughout Europe, which promised political and religious freedom and generous land terms
121
What happened in 1702 in regards to Pennsylvania?
Penn granted the lower three counties of Pennsylvania
their own assembly;
In effect, Delaware became a separate colony
122
What happened in 1732 regarding English expansion?
A thirteenth colony, Georgia, was chartered
123
What makes the Georgia colony special?
- Was the last of the British colonies
| - The only one to receive direct financial support from the government in London
124
What were the two reasons for British interest in starting a new souther colony?
- Britain wanted to create a defensive buffer to protect the prosperous South Carolina plantations from the threat of Spanish Florida
- Thousands of people in England were being imprisoned for debt; debtors were shipped to an American colony to start life over
125
Who founded Georgia's first settlement, Savannah?
By James Oglethorpe and a group of philanthropists in 1733
126
What type of colony was Georgia?
A proprietary colony
127
How come the Georgia colony did not prosper?
Because of the constant threat of Spanish attack;
| Even though there were strict regulations, including bans on drinking rum and slavery
128
When did Oglethorpe and his group give up on his plan?
1752, thus causing Georgia to become a royal colony
129
How did the Georgia colony slowly grow?
By adopting the plantation system of South Carolina
130
What was the smallest colony at the time of the American Revolution?
Georgia
