Chapter 2: Pharmacologic Principals

Question 1

What is the study of the physiochemical properties of drugs and how they influence the body called

Answer 1

pharmacodynamics: pharmacodynamics is the study of what drugs do to the body

Question 2

the study of how the drug moves through the body, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion

Answer 2

pharmacokinetics

Question 3

biotransformation

Answer 3

metabolism

Question 4

A drug given by which route is altered by the first-pass effect?

Answer 4

oral

Medications absorbed in the stomach and small intestine travel through the portal system and are metabolized by the liver before they reach the general circulation.

Question 5

Drug half-life is defined as the amount of time required for 50% of a drug to

Answer 5

be eliminated by the body.

In pharmacokinetics, the time required for half of an administered dose of drug to be eliminated by the body, or the time it takes for the blood level of a drug to be reduced by 50%, is the drug’s half-life (also called elimination half-life).

Question 6

Highly protein-bound drugs

Answer 6

increase the risk of drug-drug interactions

Question 7

What is the ratio between a drug’s therapeutic effects and toxic effects called?

Answer 7

therapeutic index

Question 8

enteral dosage form

Answer 8

Tablets, capsules, oral soluble wafers, pills, timed-release
capsules, timed-release tablets, elixirs, suspensions,
syrups, emulsions, solutions, lozenges or troches, rectal
suppositories, sublingual or buccal tablets

Question 9

topical dosage forms

Answer 9

Aerosols, ointments, creams, pastes, powders, solutions,
foams, gels, transdermal patches, inhalers, rectal and
vaginal suppositories

Question 10

The presence of food may

enhance the absorption of

Answer 10

some fat-soluble drugs or of drugs

that are more easily broken down in an acidic environment

Question 11

examples of drugs to be taken on empty stomach

Answer 11

alendronsate sodium and risedronate sodium

Question 12

Medications that are generally taken with food include

Answer 12

carbamazepine, iron
and iron-containing products, hydralazine, lithium, propranolol, spironolactone,
nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, and theophylline.

Question 13

Macrolides and oral opioids are often taken with food

Answer 13

(even though they are

specified to be taken with a full glass of water and on an empty stomach)

Question 14

Topically administered drugs can be applied

to the

Answer 14

skin, eyes, ears, nose, lungs, rectum, or vagina

Question 15

All

topical routes of drug administration avoid

Answer 15

first-pass effects of

the liver, with the exception of rectal administration(some does)

Question 16

First pass routes

Answer 16

hepatic arterial, oral, portal venous, rectal*

Question 17

non first pass routes

Answer 17

Aural (instilled into the ear)
Buccal
Inhaled
Intraarterial
Intramuscular
Intranasal
Intraocular
Intravaginal
Intravenous
Subcutaneous
Sublingual
Transdermal

Question 18

areas of rapid distribution include

Answer 18

heart, liver, kidneys, brain

Question 19

areas of slower distribution

Answer 19

muscle, skin, fat

Question 20

a drug that is highly watersoluble

(hydrophilic) will have a

Answer 20

smaller volume of distribution

and high blood concentrations

Question 21

fat-soluble drugs

(lipophilic) have a

Answer 21

larger volume of distribution and low blood

concentrations.

Question 22

Hepatic metabolism involves the activity of a very large class
of enzymes known as

Answer 22

cytochrome P-450 enzymes (or simply

P-450 enzymes), also known as microsomal enzymes

Question 23

biliary excretion

Answer 23

The excretion of drugs by the intestines is another route

of elimination

Question 24

enterohepatic

recirculation.

Answer 24

Once certain
drugs, such as fat-soluble drugs, are in the bile, they may be
reabsorbed into the bloodstream, returned to the liver, and
again secreted into the bile.

Question 25

most drugs are considered to be effectively | removed from the body

Answer 25

After about five half-lives

Question 26

The concept of half-life

Answer 26

clinically useful for determining when steady state will be reached in a patient taking a particular drug

Question 27

Steady state refers to the

Answer 27

physiologic state in which the amount of drug removed via elimination (e.g., renal clearance) is equal to the amount of drug absorbed with each dose

Question 28

Drugs can exert their actions in three basic ways:

Answer 28

through | receptors, enzymes, and nonselective interactions

Question 29

The degree to which a drug attaches to and binds with a receptor is called

Answer 29

affinity

Question 30

Enzyme interactions/selective interaction

Answer 30

For a drug to alter a physiologic response in this way, it may either inhibit (more common) or enhance (less common) the action of a specific enzyme.

Question 31

Drug-enzyme interaction

Answer 31

occurs when the drug chemically binds to an enzyme molecule in such a way that it alters (inhibits or enhances) the enzyme’s interaction with its normal target molecules in the body

Question 32

nonselective interactions

Answer 32

target cell membranes and cause a defect which that results in cell death

Question 33

type of | therapy can be categorized as

Answer 33

acute, maintenance, supplemental | (or replacement), palliative, supportive, prophylactic, or empiric

Question 34

palliative

Answer 34

The goal is to improve quality of life for both the patient | and the family

Question 35

supportive therapy

Answer 35

maintains the integrity of body functions | while the patient is recovering from illness or trauma.

Question 36

Empiric therapy.... example

Answer 36

use of antibiotics active against the organism most commonly associated with a specific infection before the results of the culture and sensitivity reports are available

Question 37

additive effect example

Answer 37

antihistamine and opioid combinations (e.g., promethazine and codeine) for treatment of cold symptoms Often drugs are used together for their additive effects so that smaller doses of each drug can be given

Question 38

synergistic effect example

Answer 38

hydrochlorothiazide | with lisinopril for the treatment of hypertension

Question 39

antagonistic example

Answer 39

antibiotic ciprofloxacin is given simultaneously with antacids, vitamins, iron, or dairy products. These drugs reduce the absorption of ciprofloxacin and lead to decreased effectiveness of the antibiotic

Question 40

adverse drug | withdrawal event example

Answer 40

return | of infection caused by stopping antibiotic therapy too soon.

Question 41

medication use process

Answer 41

prescribing, | dispensing, administering, or monitoring of drug therapy