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Pharmacology and the Nursing Process > CHAPTER 2: PHARMACOLOGIC PRINCIPLES > Flashcards

CHAPTER 2: PHARMACOLOGIC PRINCIPLES Flashcards

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1
Q

additive effects

A

drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs with similar actions is equivalent to the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone. ex: 1+1=2

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2
Q

adverse drug event

A

any undesirable occurrence related to administering or failing or administer a prescribed medication

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3
Q

adverse drug reaction

A

any unexpected, unintended, undesired, or excessive response to a medication given at therapeutic dosages (as opposed to overdose)

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4
Q

adverse effects

A

a general term for any undesirable effects that are a direct response to one or more drugs

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5
Q

agonist

A

a drug that binds to and stimulates the activity of one ormolu receptors in the body

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6
Q

allergic reaction

A

an immunologic hypersensitivity reaction resulting from the unusual sensitivity of a patient to a particular medication; a type of adverse drug event

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7
Q

antagonist

A

a drug that binds to and inhibits the activity of one more receptors in the body. Also called inhibitors

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8
Q

antagonistic effects

A

drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs is less than the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone (1+1 equals less than 2); it is usually caused by an antagonizing (blocking ore reducing) effects of one drug on another

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9
Q

bioavailability

A

a measure of the extent of drug absorption for a given drug and route (from 0% to 100%)

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10
Q

biotransformation

A

one or more biochemical reactions involving a parent drug. Biotransformation occurs mainly in the liver and produces a metabolite that is either inactive or active. AKA metabloism

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11
Q

blood-brain barrier

A

the barrier system that restrict the passage of various chemicals and microscopic entities (e.g., bacteria, viruses) between the bloodstrem and the CNS. It still allows for the passage of essential substances such as oxygen

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12
Q

chemical name

A

the name that describe the chemical composition and molecular structure of a drug

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13
Q

contraindication

A

any condition, esp one related to a disease state or patient characteristic, including current or recent drug therapy, that renders a particular form of treatment improper or undesirable

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14
Q

cytochrome P-450

A

the general name for a large class if enzymes that play a significant role in drug metabolism and drug interactions

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15
Q

dependence

A

a state in which there is a compulsive or chronic need, as for a drug

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16
Q

dissolution

A

the process by which solid forms of drugs disintegrate in the gastrointestinal tract and become soluble before being absorbed into the circulation

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17
Q

drug

A

any chemical that affects the physiologic processes of a living organism

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18
Q

drug actions

A

the processes involved in the interaction between a drug and body cells (e.g. the action of a drug on a receptor protein) also called mechanism of action

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19
Q

drug classification

A

a method of grouping drugs; may be based on structure or therapeutic use

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20
Q

drug effects

A

the physiologic reactions of the body to a drug. They can be therapeutic or toxic and describe how the body is affected as a whole by the drug. The term onset, peak and duration are used to describe drug effects (most often referring to therapeutic effects)

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21
Q

drug-induced teratogenesis

A

the development of congenital anomalies or defects in the developing fetus caused by the toxic effects of drugs

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22
Q

drug interaction

A

alteration in the pharmacologic or pharmacokinetic activity of a given drug caused by the presence of one or more additional drugs; it is usually related to effects on the enzymes required for metabolism of the involved drugs

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23
Q

duration of action

A

the length of time the concentration of a drug in the blood or tissues is sufficient to elicit a response

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24
Q

enzymes

A

protein molecules that catalyze one or more of a variety of biochemical reactions, including those related to the body’s physiologic processes as well as those related to drug metabolism

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25
first-pass effect
the initial metabolism in the liver of a drug absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract before the drug reaches systematic circulation through the bloodstream
26
generic name
the name given to a drug by the united states adopted name council. The generic name is much shorter and simper than the chemical name and is not protected by trademark
27
glucose-6-phoshate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency
a hereditary condition in which red blood cells break down when the body is exposed to certain drugs
28
half-life
in pharmacokinetics, the time required for half of an administered dose of drug to be eliminated by the body, or the time it takes for the blood level of a drug to be reduced by 50% (also called elimination half-life)
29
idiosyncrasy reaction
an abnormal and unexpected response to a medication, other than an allergic reaction, that is peculiar to an individual patient
30
incompatibility
the characteristic that causes two parenteral drugs or solutions to undergo a reaction when mixed or given together that results in the chemical deterioration of at least one of the drugs
31
intraarterial
within an artery (e.g. intraarterial injection)
32
intraarticular
within a joint (e.g. intraarticular injection)
33
intrathecal
within a sheath (e.g., the theca of the spinal cord, as in an intrathecal injection into the subarachnoid space)
34
medication error
any preventable adverse drug event involving inappropriate medication use by a patient or health care professional; it may or may not cause patient harm
35
medication use process
the prescribing, dispensing, and administering of medications and the monitoring of their effects
36
metabolite
a chemical form of a drug that is the product of one or more biochemical (metabolic) reactions involving the parent drug. Active metabolites are those that have pharmacologic activity of their own, even if the parent drug is inactive. Inactive metabolite lack pharmacologic activity and are simply drug waste products awaiting excretion from the body (e.g. via the urinary, gastrointestinal, or respiratory tract)
37
onset of action
the time required for a drug to elicit a therapeutic response after dosing
38
parent drug
the chemical form of a drug that is administered before it is metabolized by the body's biochemical reactions into its active or inactive metabolites. A parent drug that is not pharmacologically active itself is called a prodrug. A prodrug is then metabolized to pharmacologically active metabolites
39
peak effect
the time required for a drug to reach its maximum therapeutic response in the body
40
peak level
the maximum concentration of a drug in the body after administration, usually measured in a blood sample for therapeutic drug monitoring
41
pharmaceutics
the science of preparing and dispensing drugs, including dosage form design
42
pharmacodynamics
the study of the biochemical and physiologic interactions of drugs at their sites of activity. It examines the physiochemical properties of drugs and their pharmacologic interactions with body receptors
43
pharmacoeconomics
the study of economic factors impacting the cost of drug therapy
44
pharmacogenomics
the study of the influence of genetic factors on drug response, including the nature of genetic aberrations that result in the absence, overabundance, or insufficiently of drug-metabolizing enzymes
45
pharmacognosy
the study of drugs that are obtained from natural plant and animal sources
46
pharmacokinetics
the study of what happens to a drug from the time it is put into the body until the parent drug and all metabolites have left the body. Pharmacokinetics represent the drug adsorption into, distribution and metabolism within, and excretion from the body
47
pharmacology
the broadest term for the study or science of drugs
48
pharmacotherapeutics
the treatment of pathologic conditions through then use of drugs
49
prodrug
an inactive drug dosage form that is converted to an active metabolite by various biochemical reactions once it is inside the body
50
receptor
a molecular structure within or on the outer surface of a cell. Receptors bind specific substances (e.g. drug molecules), and one or more corresponding cellular effects (drug actions) occurs as a result of this drug-receptoor interaction
51
steady state
the physiologic state in which the amount of drug removed via elimination is equal to the amount of drug absorbed with each dose
52
substrates
substances (eg, drugs or natural biochemicals in the body) on which an enzymes acts
53
synergistic effects
drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs with similar actions is greater than the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone. For example, 1 + 1 is greater than 2
54
therapeutic drug monitoring
the process of measuring drug levels to identify a patient's drug exposure and to allow adjustment of dosages with the goals of maximizing therapeutic effects and minimizing toxicity
55
therapeutic effect
the desired or intended effect of a particular medication
56
therapeutic index
the ratio between the toxic and therapeutic concentrations of a drug
57
tolerance
reduced response to a drug after prolonged use
58
toxic
the quality of being poisonous (i.e injurious to health or dangerous to life )
59
toxicity
the condition of producing adverse bodily effects due to poisonous qualities
60
toxicology
the study of poisons, including toxic drug effects, and applicable treatments
61
trade name
the commercial name is given to a drug product by its manufacturer; also called the proprietary name
62
trough level
the lowest concentration of drug reached in the body after it falls from its peak level, usually measured in a blood sample for therapeutic drug monitoring

Pharmacology and the Nursing Process (20 decks)

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