Chapter 2 - Phonetics

Question 1

What are the 3 types of phonetics that exist?

Answer 1

Acoustic
Articulatory
Auditory/perceptual

Question 2

What does a waveform represent?

Answer 2

represents graphically the fluctuations in air pressure that occur when speech sounds are produced

• Higher wave = higher sound (volume)

Question 3

What does a spectrogram represent?

Answer 3

tells us about the type of pressure fluctuation, not only their presence
• Allows to see the characteristics of vowels vs consonants

Question 4

How is called the process of exhaling air through our respiratory tract to produce sounds?

Answer 4

pulmonic egressive airstream mechanism

Question 5

The airstream mechanism and one other thing are necessary to produce sounds, what is the other thing?

Answer 5

The oral constriction

Question 6

Name the 2 characteristics of the airflow (egressive airstream mechanism) that can be modulated to produce different sounds

Answer 6

the degree (none, partial, complete) and the type of constriction of the airflow

Question 7

How do we call the various ways of constricting the airflow

Answer 7

Manners of articulation

Question 8

What is the alphabet that allows us to write sounds?

Answer 8

The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

Question 9

What are “stops”?

Answer 9

blocking the airflow from our lungs at some point in the vocal tracts

Question 10

What is the place of articulation?

Answer 10

where do we stop the air flow

Question 11

What is stress? How is it marked?

Answer 11

indicates where the emphasis is in the word, marked with a [’] or [,]

Question 12

What is voicing?

Answer 12

making vocal chords vibrate

Question 13

What is a voiceless sound?

Answer 13

sounds without vocal cords vibrating

Question 14

What is a fricative?

Answer 14

Pushing the air through a narrow channel

Question 15

What is an affricate?

Answer 15

start as a stop and end up as a fricative (ex: [tʃ], Chunk)

Question 16

[p]

Answer 16

Voiceless labial stop

Eepy

[b]

Question 17

[b]

Answer 17

Voiced labial stop

babble

[p]

Question 18

[t]

Answer 18

Voiceless alveolar stop

tent

[d]

Question 19

[k]

Answer 19

Voiceless velar stop

Kiki

[g]

Question 20

[ʔ]

Answer 20

Voiceless glottal stop

Mountain

-

Question 21

[d]

Answer 21

Voiced alveolar stop

duck

[t]

Question 22

[g]

Answer 22

Voiced velar stop

get

[k]

Question 23

[m]

Answer 23

Voiced labial nasal

mouth

-

Question 24

[ŋ]

Answer 24

Voiced velar nasal

signer

-

Question 25

[n]

Answer 25

Voiced alveolar nasal No -

Question 26

[ə]

Answer 26

Voiced alveolar ...(fricative?) Sun -

Question 27

[s]

Answer 27

Voiceless alveolar fricative Simpsons

Question 28

[f]

Answer 28

Voiceless labiodental fricative Fat [v]

Question 29

[v]

Answer 29

Voiced labiodental fricative Vet [f]

Question 30

[θ] (theta)

Answer 30

Voiceless interdental fricative teeth [ɚ] (delta)

Question 31

[ɚ] (delta)

Answer 31

Voiced interdental fricative Bathe [θ] (theta)

Question 32

[ʃ]

Answer 32

Voiceless alveopalatal fricative Shake [3]

Question 33

[3]

Answer 33

Voiced alveopalatal fricative Measure [ʃ]

Question 34

[h]

Answer 34

Voiceless glottal fricative Hop -

Question 35

[tʃ]

Answer 35

Voiceless alveopalatal affricate Chunk [ʤ]

Question 36

[ʤ]

Answer 36

Voiced alveopalatal affricate Geez [tʃ]

Question 37

[z]

Answer 37

Voiced alveolar fricative Ease [z]

Question 38

Name the 3 characteristics of vowels

Answer 38

3 characteristics of vowels • Height of lower jaw (height of the vowel) • Position of tongue (front or back) • Lip rounding (round or unround)

Question 39

[i]

Answer 39

[i] High, front, unrounded hihi

Question 40

[a]

Answer 40

Low, central, unrounded father

Question 41

[u]

Answer 41

High, back, rounded boot

Question 42

[e]

Answer 42

Mid, front, unrounded bait

Question 43

[o]

Answer 43

[o] Mid, central, rounded boat

Question 44

[ə]

Answer 44

Mid, central, unrounded EH

Question 45

[æʃ]

Answer 45

Low, front, unrounded hat

Question 46

[ɪ]

Answer 46

Lax, high, front and unrounded Bit

Question 47

[ʊ]

Answer 47

Lax, high, back, round put

Question 48

[ɛ]

Answer 48

Lax, mid, front, unrounded Bet (è)

Question 49

[ɔ]

Answer 49

Lax, mid, back and round Law, fought

Question 50

[æ]

Answer 50

Low, front, unround bat

Question 51

[oi]

Answer 51

diphthong Boy

Question 52

[ai]

Answer 52

diphthong bide

Question 53

[aw]

Answer 53

diphthong bout

Question 54

What are dipthongs?

Answer 54

vowels which involve movement from one vowel position to another during their articulation

Question 55

[r]

Answer 55

rhotic reel

Question 56

[j]

Answer 56

Palatal glide Yummy

Question 57

[w]

Answer 57

Another glide we

Question 58

[r without stem]

Answer 58

Voiced alveolar flap "waiting" in an American accent (similar to [d])

Question 59

[l]

Answer 59

lull