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24-28 class cards > Chapter 2 - population and health > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - population and health Flashcards

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1
Q

Overpopulation

A

A situation in which the number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living

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2
Q

Census

A

A complete enumeration of population.

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3
Q

Nonparticipant

A

Homeless people, ethnic minorities, and undocumented immigrants may not complete census forms.

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4
Q

Sampling

A

Statistical sampling can be done to get more accurate account, but in small towns oppose it.

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5
Q

How much of the Earth’s population is clustered in 4 regions?

A

2\3

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5
Q

We can understand how population is distributed by examining the properties of __ and __.

A

Concentration and density

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6
Q

Four clusters :

A

East Asia. South Asia, Europe, Southeast Asia.

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7
Q

Most live near:

A

A. Low lying areas. B. Fertile soil.
C. Temperate Climate.
D. Ocean or river with access to the ocean.

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8
Q

Ecumene

A

The portion of Earth’s surface occupied by Permanent human settlement

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9
Q

Sparsely Populated regions.

A

Dry lands (Sahara), Wet lands (Amazon), Cold lands (Arctic), HIgh lands (Alps)

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10
Q

Arithmetic density

A

The total number of people divided by the total land area.

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11
Q

Physiological Density

A

The number of people per unit area of arable land, which is land suitable for farming.

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12
Q

Agricultural Density

A

The ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land (land suitable for agriculture)

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13
Q

Natural increase rate (NIR)

A

The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate.

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14
Q

Natural Increase Rate excludes __.

A

Migration

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15
Q

NIR was at ___ for a long time (most of history)

A

Zero

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16
Q

Currently the NIR is ___% peak was ___% in 1963

A

1.2 % and 2.2%

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17
Q

Doubling time

A

The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase.

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18
Q

Life expectancy

A

The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions. Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn infant can be expected to live.

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19
Q

Babies born today can expect to live to ___ in developed countries in Europe, but only to about ___ in developing countries of Sub-Saharan Africa.

A

80 and 57

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20
Q

More than __% of natural increase is clustered in ___

A

95%, Developing countries

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21
Q

The NIR is ___ in Europe, which means population is ___.

A

Negative, declining

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22
Q

Crude Birth Rate CBR

A

The total number of live births in a year for every 1000 people alive in society

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23
Q

Example of CBR

A

CBR of 20 means that for every 1000 people in a country, 20 babies are born over a one year period.

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24
CBR mirrors NIR - the highest CBRs are in _____ while the lowest are in ____.
developing countries, developed countries.
25
Crude death rate CDR
The total number of deaths in a year for every 1000 people alive in society.
26
CDR does NOT follow CBR or NIR-the combined CDR for developing countries is ___ than the combined rate for all developed countries.
Less
27
Demography
The scientific study of population characteristics.
28
Total fertility rate
The average number of children a women will have throughout her life.
29
The Demographic Transition Model
The process of change in a society’s population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and higher total population.
30
Most of ___ was spent in stage 1.
Human history
31
No country today ____.
Remains in stage 1
32
In stage 1, people relayed upon ____for food
Hunting snd gathering
33
Industrial Revolution
A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.
34
Medical Revolution
Medical technology invented in Europe and North America that has diffused to poorer countries in Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Improved medical practices have eliminated the many of the traditional causes of death in poorer countries and enable more people to live longer and healthier lives.
35
The CBR begins to ___ sharply during moderate growth
Drop
36
The CDR continues to ___ but slower than stage 2 during moderate growth
Fall
37
People have ___ children during moderate growth
Fewer
38
Zero population growth ZPG
A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero
39
Women enter the __ during low growth
Workforce
40
Many people will choose to use ___ during low growth
Birth-control methods
41
Result of baby girls at risk
Gender based selection
42
Gender based selection often occurs in __ and __
China and India
43
Sex ratio
The number of males per 100 females in the population
44
Standard biological ratio is ___ (boys to girls) but in China and India it is ___
105:100, 112:100
45
Maternal mortality rate
The annual number of female deaths per 100,000 live births from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy or its management (excluding accidents)
46
The rate exceeds ___ deaths per 100000 births in Africa\Asia compared to fewer than ___ per 100,000 births in Europe
100, 10
47
US is __ maternal deaths per 100,000 births
28
48
A country’s stage of ____ determines percentage of people in different age groups
Demographic transition
49
Stage __ typically has a high percentage of young people while stage __ typically has a high percentage of elderly people
2, 4
50
Population pyramids
A bar graph that represents the distribution of population by age and sex.
51
Dependency ratio
The number of people under 15 and over 46 compared to the number of people active in the labor force
52
Infant mortality rate IMR
The total number of deaths in a year among infants under 1 year of age for every 1000 births in society
52
___ countries use part of their wealth to protect people who cannot work
Developed
53
Examples of people who cannot work
Elderly, sick, poor, disabled
54
Developed countries have more ___ and ___ than developing countries
Hospital beds and Physicians
55
In most developed countries (not the US) health care is ____ that is available at little or no cost.
A public service
56
Epidemiology
Branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that are prelavent among a population a particular time and are produced by some special causes not generally present in the affected place.
57
Epidemiological transition
The process of change i the distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition
58
___ and ___diseases were principal causes of human deaths in stage 1
Infectious and parasitic
59
Worst epidemic in history
Black (bubonic) plaque
60
Pandemic
Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population.
61
Pandemics recede due to improved:
Sanitation, nutrition, and medicine
62
___ in deaths from infectious diseases
Decrease
63
___ in chronic disorders and deaths due to aging
Increase
64
Two common disorders are ___ and ____
Cancer and cardiovascular disease (heart attacks)
65
Major degenerative cause of death linger, but life expectancy of older people is extended through ___
Medical Advances
66
Also improved behavior changes such as
Better diet, reduces use of Tabacco and alchohol, and exercise
67
Thomas Malthus
Economist who argues that the world’s rate of population increase was far outrunning the development of food supplies
68
Ne-Malthusians today believe that population will ___ food or another resource.
Exceed
69
A ___ stage 5 of demographic transition is decline.
Possible
70
Critics of Neo-Malthusians overall ___ productions has ___ due to better ___
Food, increased, growing techniques higher-yielding seeds, and cultivation of more land
71
Stage 5 CBR
Very low
72
Stage 5 CDR
Increasing
73
Stage 5 NIR
Declining
74
After several decades of __ birth rates, stage 5 country would have very few women aging into childbearing years.
Low
75
Several European countries, notably ___ already have negative NIRs
Russia
76
China and India encompass more than ___of the world’s population
1\3
77
China had the ___ policy
One child
78
In China People also received free
Contraceptives, abortions, and sterilization
79
India was the first country to embark on a national ___ program
Family planning
80
India set up ___ camps, which made people fearful of other family planning measures
Sterilization
81
Stage 5 epidemiologic transition: ___ and ___ diseases re-emerge
Infectious and parasitic
82
Possible stage 5 causes
Evolution - antibiotic resistance, poverty - lack of access to medicine, poverty - unsanitary conditions, connections - globalization helps transmissions
83
Examples of transmittable diseases
AIDs and Ebola
84
Lowering CBR by:
Empowering women, IMR decrease with health care,
85
Contraception is not always ___
Available

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