Chapter 2: Reproduction

Question 1

GnRH triggers the release of LH and FSH from ______.

Answer 1

Anterior pituitary gland

Question 2

What is the pathway of sperm through the male rep. sys.?

Answer 2

Seminiferous tubules–>epididymis–>vas deferens–>ejaculatory duct–>urethra–>penis

Question 3

Where is sperm produced?

Answer 3

Seminiferous tubules

Question 4

Where is testosterone produced?

Which cells/organs secrete it?

Answer 4

Testes.

Interstitial cells of Leydig

Question 5

Estrogen and progesterone are produced in the ____.

Answer 5

Ovaries

Question 6

What function does the cervix serve?

Answer 6

It is the end of the uterus, which connects to the vaginal canal.

Question 7

What is the functional importance of estrogen in the menstrual cycle? Progesterone?

Answer 7

Estrogen = establishes the endometrium (uterus)  = leads to the thickening of the uterus each month in prep for implantation 
Progesterone = protects the endometrium

Question 8

Describe the menstrual cycle

Answer 8

1. Follicles mature during the follicular phase (FSH, LH)
2. LH surge at midcycle triggers ovulation.
3. Ruptured follicle becomes corpus luteum, which secretes estrogen and progesterone to build up uterine lining in preparation for implantation; LH and FSH are inhibited
4. If fertilization does not occur, corpus luteum atrophies, progesterone and estrogen levels decrease, menses occurs, and LH and FSH levels begin to rise again.

Question 9

What happens during G1?

Answer 9

• Cell creates organelles for energy and protein production, while increasing its size.
• This is a restriction point during which is checked for quality; must be passed to go into S phase

Question 10

What is the function of cyclins and CDKs?

Answer 10

Cyclins bind to CDKs which phosphorylate and activate transcription factors for the next stage of the cycle.

Question 11

What is the function of the bulbourethral glands?

Answer 11

Produce a clear, viscous fluid that cleans out remnants of urine and lubricates the urethra during sexual arousal.

Question 12

After S stage, the male germ cells are called _____________.

Answer 12

Primary spermatocytes

Question 13

After meiosis I, the male germ cells are called _____________.

Answer 13

Secondary spermatocytes

Question 14

After meiosis II, the male germ cells are called _____________.

Answer 14

Spermatids

Question 15

After maturation, the male germ cells are called _____________.

Answer 15

Spermatozoa

Question 16

Vaginal canal

Answer 16

• The site where sperm are deposited during intercourse.

- Birth also occurs through here,

Question 17

At birth, oogonia have undergone replication and are considered ________. They are arrested in ________.

Answer 17

• Primary oocytes

- Prophase I

Question 18

The ovulated egg each month is a _________, which is arrested in _______.

Answer 18

• Secondary oocyte

- Metaphase II

Question 19

If the oocyte is fertilized, it will undergo ________, to become a __________.

Answer 19

• Meiosis II

- True ovum

Question 20

Corona radiata

Answer 20

• Layer of cells that adheres to the oocyte during ovulation.

Question 21

Zona pellucida

Answer 21

• Acellular mixture of glycoproteins that protect the oocyte and contain compounds necessary for sperm binding.
• Surrounds the oocyte.

Question 22

GnRH is released by the __________.

Answer 22

Hypothalamus

Question 23

What is the functional importance of FSH and LH in sexual development?

Answer 23

They trigger the production of other sex hormones that develop and maintain the reproductive system.

Question 24

What does FSH stimulate/triggers in males and females?

Answer 24

• Males: triggers spermatogenesis

- Females: stimulates development of ovarian follicles.

Question 25

What does LH stimulate/triggers in males and females?

Answer 25

• Males: causes interstitial cells to produce testosterone

- Females: causes ovulation

Question 26

What is the function of hCG?

Answer 26

Maintains the corpus luteum until the placenta is formed.

Question 27

Menopause

Answer 27

• Occurs when ovaries top producing estrogen & progesterone
• menstruation stops
• FSH and LH levels rise