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Biology > Chapter 2 - Science Fiction, Bad Science, and Peusdoscience > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Science Fiction, Bad Science, and Peusdoscience Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

Metabolism

A

All chemical processes that occur within the cell in response to external stimuli

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2
Q

Homeostasis

A

The maintenance of a constant internal environment despite a changing external environment

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3
Q

Elements

A

Fundamental forms of matter, composed of atoms that cannot be broken down by normal physical means

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4
Q

Atoms

A

The smallest units that have the properties of any given element

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5
Q

Protons

A

A subatomic particle with a positive charge

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6
Q

Neutron

A

A subatomic particle with no charge

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7
Q

Electron

A

Subatomic particles with a negative charge

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8
Q

Nucleus

A

The center of an atom, made up of protons and neutrons

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9
Q

Atomic number

A

Number of protons in an atom

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10
Q

Ion

A

A charged atom that does not have an equal amount of protons and electrons

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11
Q

Solute

A

A substance that dissolves when mixed with another substance

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12
Q

Solvent

A

The liquid in which a solute has dissolved into

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13
Q

Polar

A

Describes a molecule that has regions with different charges

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14
Q

Electronegative

A

Tendency to attract electrons to form chemical bonds

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15
Q

Nonpolar

A

Describes a molecule with no partial charge

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16
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

A weak type of chemical bonding in which a partially positive atom is attracted to a partially negative atom

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17
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Water-loving polar molecules that dissolve in water

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18
Q

Waterphobic

A

Water-fearing nonpolar molecules that don’t dissolve in water

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19
Q

Chemical reactions

A

Changes in the chemical composition of substances

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20
Q

Reactants

A

Any material starting a chemical reaction

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21
Q

Product

A

Molecule formed as a result of a chemical reaction

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22
Q

Cohesion

A

The tendency of molecules to stick together

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23
Q

Organic chemistry

A

Branch of chemistry concerned with carbon-containing molecules

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24
Q

Electron shell

A

Energy level in the electron cloud representing the electron’s distance from the nucleus

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25
Valence shell
Outermost electron shell of an atom
26
Covalent bond
Bond in which atoms share electrons
27
Ionic bond
Bond form between charged atoms attracted to each other by similar, opposite charges
28
pH scale
A logarithmic measure of the hydrogen ion concentration ranging from 0 to 14, lower numbers indicate higher hydrogen ion concentrations
29
Acid
A substance that donates H+ ions to a solution
30
Base
A substance that accepts H+ ions
31
Macromolecules
Large organic molecules made of subunits
32
Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids
Four types of macromolecules in living organisms
33
Carbohydrates
Sugars that are a major source of energy for cellular process and play important structural roles in cells
34
Monosaccharide
Simple sugar
35
Monomers
Simple individual subunits that make up polymers
36
Polymers
Complex structures made up of many monomers joined together
37
Polysaccharides
A polymer made of sugar monomers
38
Protein
Macromolecules made up of amino acids that have structural, transport, and enzymatic roles
39
Enzymes
Accelerate and regulate the rates of all the chemical/metabolic reactions
40
Amino acids
Monomer subunits that make up proteins
41
Polypeptide
Polymer of amino acids
42
Lipid
Macromolecule that is insoluble to water, includes fats, steroids, and phospholipids
43
Fat
Lipid made up of a 3-carbon glycerol molecule with 3 long hydrocarbon chains
44
Hydrocarbon
Molecules rich in carbon and hydrogen that can be burned to produce energy
45
Fatty acid tails
Long hydrocarbon chains attached to the glycerol of fats and phospholipids
46
Steriods
Lipids made up of 4 fused carbon-containing rings that produces physiologic effects
47
Phospholipids
Lipids made up of a hydrophilic head and 2 hydrophobic fatty acid tails
48
Nucleotide
Monomer that makes up nucleic acids, composed of a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogen containing base
49
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Nucleotide that plays a role in helping cells synthesize proteins
50
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Nucleotide that stores genetic information in nearly all living organisms
51
Nitrogenous base
Structure in DNA that has one of four unique structures
52
Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, and Cytosine
Four nitrogenous bases of DNA
53
Complimentary
Describes the hydrogen bonds between adenine and thymine/guanine and cytosine on opposite strands of DNA
54
Purine
Nitrogenous bases A/G with a two-ring structure
55
Pyrimidine
Nitrogenous base C/T/U with a single-ring structure
56
Sugar-phosphate backbone
Series of alternating sugars and phosphates along the length of the DNA helix
57
Theory of evolution
Explains how a single common ancestor present on earth 4 billion years ago could give rise to the over 10 million different kinds of organisms found on Earth today
58
Prokaryotic
A single-cell bacteria that does not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
59
Eukaryotic
A single-cell bacteria with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
60
Cell wall
Tough but elastic structure surrounding plant and bacterial cell membranes
61
Natural selection
Process by which individuals with certain traits have greater survival and reproduction than individuals who lack these traits

Biology (5 decks)

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