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Chapter 2 test Flashcards

0
Q

The smallest unit of matter

A

Atom

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1
Q

Substance made of only one type of atom that cannot be broken down by chemical means.

A

Element

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2
Q

Substance made of different elements that are bonded together in a particular ratio

A

Compound

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3
Q

Chemical bond formed through the electrical force between oppositely charged ions

A

Ionic bond

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4
Q

Chemical bond formed when two atoms share two or more pairs of electrons

A

Covalent bond

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5
Q

Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds;not necessarily a compound

A

Molecule

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6
Q

Atom that has gained or lost one or more electrons

A

Ion

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7
Q

Attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom

A

Hydrogen bond

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8
Q

Attraction between molecules of the same substance

A

Cohesion

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9
Q

Attraction between molecules of different substances

A

Adhesion

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10
Q

Mixture that is consistent throughout; also called a homogeneous mixture

A

Solution

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11
Q

Substance in which solutes dissolve and that is present in greatest concentration in a solution

A

Solvent

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12
Q

Compound that donates a proton (H+) when dissolved in a solution.

A

Acid

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13
Q

Measurement of acidity; related to free hydrogen ion concentration in solution

A

pH

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14
Q

Compound that accepts a proton (H+) when dissolved in a solution

A

Bases

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15
Q

Molecular subunit of a polymer

A

Monomer

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16
Q

Large, carbon-based molecule formed by monomers

A

Polymer

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17
Q

Molecule composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; includes sugars and starches

A

Carbohydrates

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18
Q

Non-polar molecule composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; includes fats and oils

A

Lipids

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19
Q

Hydrocarbon chain often bonded to glycerol in a lipid

A

Fatty acid

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20
Q

Polymer composed of amino acids linked by peptide bonds; folds into a particular structure depending on bonds between amino acids

A

Protein

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21
Q

Molecule that makes up proteins; composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur

A

Amino acid

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22
Q

Polymers that are made up of monomers called nucleotides

A

Nucleic acid

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23
Q

Process by which substances change into different substances through the breaking and forming of chemical bonds

A

Chemical reaction

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24
Substance that is changed by a chemical reaction
Reactant
25
Substance formed by a chemical reaction
Products
26
Amount of energy needed to break a bond between two particular atoms; or the amount of energy released when a bond forms between two particular atoms
Bond energy
27
Condition in which reactants and products of a chemical reaction are formed at the same rate
Equilibrium
28
Energy input necessary to initiate a chemical reaction
Activation energy
29
Chemical reaction that requires a net input of energy
Endothermic
30
Substance that decreases activation and increases reaction rate in a chemical reaction
Catalyst
31
Protein that catalyze chemical reactions for organisms
Enzyme
32
Reactant in a chemical reaction upon which an enzyme acts
Substrate
33
Chemical reaction that yields a net release of energy in the form of heat
Exothermic
34
Particle with a positive electrical charge
Proton
35
Particle with a negative electrical charge
Electron
36
Particle with no electrical charge
Neutron
37
Dense center of an atom
Nucleus
38
Water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are examples of ______.
Compounds
39
________ are made up of only one type of atom.
Elements
40
True/false. An atom becomes an ion when it's number of protons changes.
False
41
True/false. Some ions are positively charged, and some ions have no charge.
False
42
True/false. The formation of an ion results in a full outermost energy level.
True
43
True/false. Ions usually form when electrons are transferred from one atom to another.
True
44
Shared pairs of electrons fill the innermost/outermost energy levels of bonded atoms.
Outermost
45
Covalent bonds are generally very strong/weak.
Strong
46
Two atoms may form several covalent bonds to share several pairs of protons/electrons.
Electrons
47
A molecule is held together by ionic/covalent bonds.
Covalent
48
True/false. Polar molecules have two regions with a slight positive charge.
False
49
True/false. Water Is a polar molecule.
True
50
True/false. Slightly charged regions of water molecules form hydrogen bonds.
True
51
``` Which property allows water to resist changes in temperature? A. High specific heat B. cohesion C. Adhesion D. Polarity ```
A. High specific heat
52
``` Which property causes water to form beads? A. High specific heat B. cohesion C. Adhesion D. Polarity ```
B. cohesion
53
``` Which property of water helps plants to transport water from their roots to their leaves? A. High specific heat B. cohesion C. Adhesion D. Polarity ```
C. Adhesion
54
A solution is a mixture of substances that is evenly/unevenly distributed throughout the entire mixture.
Evenly
55
Blood plasma is an example of a solvent/solute.
Solvent
56
"Oil and water don't mix" because a polar/nonpolar molecule can't easily dissolve in a polar solvent.
Nonpolar
57
A ________ dissolves in a solution.
Solute
58
True/false. Carbon atoms form the building blocks of most living things.
True
59
True/false. Carbons outer energy level is full.
False
60
True/false. Carbon atoms can form covalent bonds with up to four other atoms.
True
61
True/false. The three basic structures of carbon-based molecules are straight chain, bent chain, and ring.
False
62
Provide energy; starches and sugar
Carbohydrate
63
Store energy; fat and oils
Lipid
64
Building blocks of proteins; beans, meat, and nuts.
Protein
65
Map for making proteins; RNA and DNA.
Nucleic acid
66
The prefix mono- means "one," and the prefix poly- means "many." Which contains more molecules, a monomer or a polymer?
Polymer
67
During a chemical reaction, chemical bonds/solutes break and reform.
Chemical bonds
68
Reactants/products are the substances changed during a chemical reaction.
Reactants
69
Bond energy is the amount of energy it takes to break a bond between two atoms/ions.
Atoms
70
Equilibrium occurs when reactants and products are made at the same rate/different rates.
The same rate
71
True/false. Not all chemical reactions involve changes in energy.
False
72
True/false. Activation energy is required for a chemical reaction to start.
True
73
True/false. Some chemical reactions release more energy than the absorb, while others absorb more energy than they release.
True
74
True/false. Chemical reactions can occur whether or not energy is added to the reactants.
False
75
True/false. An Exothermic chemical reaction absorbs more energy than it releases.
False
76
Substances changed during a chemical reaction.
Reactants
77
Substances made by a chemical reaction.
Products
78
Chemical reaction that releases more energy than it absorbs.
Exothermic reaction
79
Chemical reaction that absorbs more energy than it releases.
Endothermic reaction
80
Amount of energy that needs to be absorbed for a chemical reaction to start.
Activation energy
81
Amount of energy that will break a bond between two atoms.
Bond energy
82
State reached when reactants and products are made at the same rate.
Equilibrium
83
Activation energy is the energy required to
Start a chemical reaction.
84
``` Which of the following can reduce the amount of energy needed for a chemical reaction to take place? A.reactant B. Product C.catalyst D.hydrogen bond ```
C.catalyst
85
What happens to the speed of a chemical reaction when a catalyst is present?
It speeds up.
86
What phrase best describes atoms?
Smallest basic units of matter.
87
What cannot be broken down by ordinary chemical means?
Element
88
What is a compound?
Atoms of different elements bonded together in certain ratios.
89
And ion is formed when an atom gains or loses
Electrons
90
Atoms connected by covalent bonds share
Pairs of electrons.
91
Hydrogen bonds can form between regions of polar molecules that are
Oppositely charged
92
The attraction among molecules of different substances is called
Adhesion
93
Why is water necessary to your body?
It dissolves and transports substances.
94
What best describes a solvent?
Present in a greater concentration than solutes
95
A solution with a high concentration of H+ ions
Is very acidic
96
Carbon is unique due to the carbons atoms
Bonding properties
97
What category of carbon-based molecules includes sugars and starches?
Carbohydrates
98
Fats, oils, and cholesterol are all types of
Lipids
99
Proteins are composed of what molecules?
Amino acids
100
DNA and RNA are two types of
Nucleic acids
101
Chemical reactions change substances into different substances by
Breaking and forming chemical bonds
102
What is the amount of energy that needs to be added for a chemical reaction to start?
Activation energy
103
What phrase best describes an ectothermic chemical reaction?
Releases more energy than it absorbs
104
Which phrase best describes the effect of a catalyst on a chemical reaction?
Decreases activation energy
105
Enzymes affect chemical reactions in living organisms by
Weakening bonds in reactants
106
The specific reactants that an enzyme acts on are called
Substrates
107
Changes in temperature and pH can decrease an enzymes activity by breaking
Hydrogen bonds

Biology (6 decks)

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