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Psychology in Everyday life 3rd edition > Chapter 2- The Biology of Mind and Consciousness > Flashcards

Chapter 2- The Biology of Mind and Consciousness Flashcards

1
Q

a branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior

A

biological psychology

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2
Q

a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system

A

neuron

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3
Q

neuron extensions that receive messages and conduct them toward the cell body

A

dendrites

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4
Q

neuron extension that sends messages to other neurons or cells

A

axon

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5
Q

a nerve impulse

A

action potential

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6
Q

cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons; they may also play a role in learning, thinking, and memory.

A

glial cells (glia)

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7
Q

junction between the axon tip of a sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of a receiving neuron

A

synapse

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8
Q

level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse

A

threshold

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9
Q

a neuron’s reaction of either firing (with a full-strength response) or not firing

A

all-or-none response

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10
Q

neuron-produced chemicals that cross synapse to carry messages to other neurons or cells

A

neurotransmitters

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11
Q

chemical, such as opium, morphine, or heroin, that depresses neuron activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety

A

opiate

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12
Q

“morphine within”— natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure

A

endorphins

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13
Q

the body’s speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the central and peripheral nervous systems

A

nervous systems

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14
Q

the brain and spinal cord

A

central nervous system (CNS)

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15
Q

the sensory and motor neurons connecting the central nervous system to the rest of the body

A

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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16
Q

bundled axons that form neural cables connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs

A

nerves

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17
Q

neuron that carries incoming information from the sensory receptors to the central nervous system

A

sensory neuron

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18
Q

neuron that carries outgoing information from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands

A

motor neuron

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19
Q

neurons within the brain and spinal cord; communicate internally and process information between sensory inputs and motor outputs

A

interneuron

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20
Q

peripheral nervous system division controlling the body’s skeletal muscles. Also called the skeletal nervous system

A

somatic nervous system

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21
Q

peripheral nervous system division controlling the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). its sympathetic subdivision arouses; its parasympathetic

A

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

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22
Q

autonomic nervous system subdivision that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations.

A

sympathetic nervous system

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23
Q

autonomic nervous system subdivision that calms the body, conserving its energy

A

parasympathetic nervous system

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24
Q

a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus, such as he knee-jerk response

A

reflex

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25
Q

the body’s “slow” chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

A

endocrine

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26
Q

chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues

A

hormones

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27
Q

pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in time of stress

A

adrenal glands

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28
Q

most influential endocrine gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands

A

pituitary gland

29
Q

automatic survival functions (e.g. breathing)

A

brainstem

30
Q

device that uses electrodes placed on the scalp to record waves of electrical activity sweeping across the brain’s surface. (the record of those brain waves is an electroencephalogram

A

EEG (electroencephalograph)

31
Q

a view of brain activity showing where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task

A

PET (positron emission tomography) scan

32
Q

a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissues. MRI scans show brain anatomy

A

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

33
Q

a technique for revealing blood flow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. fMRI scans show brain function.

A

fMRI (functional MRI)

34
Q

heartbeat, breathing

A

medulla

35
Q

directs sensory messages

A

thalamus

36
Q

arousal

A

reticular formation

37
Q

coordinating movement

A

cerebellum

38
Q

(hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus)

A

limbic system

39
Q

emotion

A

amygdala

40
Q

directs maintenance activities (e.g., eating)

A

hypothalamus

41
Q

information- processing center

A

cerebral cortex

42
Q

thinking

A

frontal lobe

43
Q

hearing

A

temporal lobe

44
Q

touch

A

parietal lobe

45
Q

vision

A

occipital lobe

46
Q

cerebral cortex area at the rear of the frontal lobes; controls voluntary movements

A

motor cortex

47
Q

cerebral cortex area at the front of the parietal lobes; registers and processes body touch and movement sensations

A

somatosensory cortex

48
Q

false sensory experience, such as hearing something in the absence of an external auditory stimulus

A

hallucination

49
Q

cerebral cortex areas involved primarily in higher mental functions, such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking.

A

association areas

50
Q

the brain’s ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience

A

plasticity

51
Q

formation of new neurons

A

neurogenesis

52
Q

large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them

A

corpus callosum

53
Q

condition in which the brain’s two hemispheres are isolated by cutting the fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) connecting them

A

split brain

54
Q

our awareness of ourselves and our environment

A

consciousness

55
Q

focusing conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

A

selective attention

56
Q

failure to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

A

inattentional blindness

57
Q

failure to notice changes in the environment

A

change blindness

58
Q

internal biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for examples, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle

A

circadian rhythm

59
Q

recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep , because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active

A

REM (rapid eye movement) sleep

60
Q

relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state

A

alpha waves

61
Q

periodic, natural loss of consciousness as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation

A

sleep

62
Q

the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep

A

delta waves

63
Q

recurring problems in falling or staying asleep

A

insomnia

64
Q

sleep disorder in which a person has uncontrollable sleep attacks, sometimes lapsing directly into REM sleep

A

narcolepsy

65
Q

a sleep disorder in which a sleeping person repeated stops breathing until blood oxygen is so low it awakens the person just long enough to draw a breath

A

sleep apnea

66
Q

sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind

A

dream

67
Q

according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream

A

manifest content

68
Q

according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream

A

latent content

69
Q

the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivating

A

REM rebound

Psychology in Everyday life 3rd edition (14 decks)

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