Chapter 2 - The Cell

Question 1

Light Microscopy

Answer 1

uses light to magnify and view cellular structure up to 2000x their sizes

Question 2

Electron Microscopy

Answer 2

uses electrons to magnify cells up to 2 million times their size

Question 3

Plasma Membrane (cell membrane)

Answer 3

Contains : Lipid bilayer ; phospholipids, steroids, proteins, and carbs
Function : isolates; protects, senses, supports, controls permeability of material

Question 4

Cytosol

Answer 4

Contains : fluid part of Cytoplasm

Function : sorts by diffusion , stores glycogens, pigments, etc

Question 5

Cytoskeleton

Answer 5

Contains : microtubules, Microfilaments

Functions : strength and support , moves cell structures

Question 6

microvilli

Answer 6

Contains : extensions of microfilaments

Functions : increases surface area of cell for absorption

Question 7

Centrosome

Answer 7

Contains : centrioles ( 9 microtubule triplets)

Functions : movement of chromosomes during cell division

Question 8

Cilia

Answer 8

Contains : extensions of microtubules

Functions : moves materials over cell surface

Question 9

Ribosomes

Answer 9

Contains : RNA + proteins ; attached ribosomes bound to Rough ER & free ribosomes released into cytoplasm
Functions : makes proteins

Question 10

Mitochondria

Answer 10

Contains : double membrane, inner membrane folds of cristae lined with enzymes
Functions : makes 95% of ATP

Question 11

Nucleoplasm

Answer 11

Contains : nucleotides, enzymes, nucleoproteins, and chromatin
Function: controls metabolism, stores and processes genetic information, controls protein synthesis

Question 12

Nuclear Envelope

Answer 12

Contains : double-layer membrane

Functions : encases nucleolus

Question 13

Nucleoli ( singular - nucleolus)

Answer 13

Contains : DNA and RNA

Function : site of rRNA synthesis and formation of ribosomal subunits

Question 14

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Answer 14

Contains : network of channels throughout cytoplasm

Functions : synthesis of secretory products, storage , and transport

Question 15

Rough ER

Answer 15

Contains : Bound ribosomes

Functions : modifies and packages new proteins

Question 16

Smooth ER

Answer 16

Contains : the lack of ribosomes

Function : makes lipids, steroids, carbs; stares calcium ions

Question 17

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 17

Contains : stacks of flattened cisternae chambers

Functions : stores, alters, and packages secretory products and lysosomal enzymes

Question 18

Lysosomes

Answer 18

Contains : vesicles filled with digestive enzymes

Functions : removes damaged organelles or pathogens

Question 19

Peroxisomes

Answer 19

Contains : vesicles filled with degradative enzymes

Functions : catabolizes fats; neutralizes toxic compounds

Question 20

Passive Processes

Answer 20

• Do not require or utilize cellular energy

- Diffusion, Osmosis, and Facilitated Diffusion

Question 21

Diffusion

Answer 21

• the movement from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
• Molecules move down a concentration gradient ( difference between high and low concentration)
• Gasses, small molecules/ions, lipid soluble molecules

Question 22

Osmosis

Answer 22

• diffusion of water across a selective permeable membrane
• lower water concentration diffuses to a high solute concentration
• Water only

Question 23

Facilitated Diffusion

Answer 23

• solutes are transported across the plasma membrane by a carrier protein
• follows concentration gradient
• carries large molecules (e.g. glucose and amino acids)

Question 24

Active Processes

Answer 24

• Require ATP or other energy

- Active Transport, Endocytosis, Exocytosis

Question 25

Active Transport

Answer 25

- Doesn’t follow concentration gradient - Exchanges pumps - Energy moves solutes out of the cell, causing other solutes to move in ( 2 Potassium in : 3 Sodium out) - Sodium-Potassium Pump

Question 26

Endocytosis

Answer 26

Packaging of Extracellular materials into a vesicle that imports into the cell

Question 27

Pinocytosis

Answer 27

- vesicles formed at plasma membrane bring ECF and small molecules into the cell - “Cell Drinking”

Question 28

Phagocytosis

Answer 28

- Vesicles bring solid particles into the cell - “Cell Eating” - Bacteria, viruses, cell debris

Question 29

receptor-mediated Endocytosis

Answer 29

- molecules bind to receptor proteins on membrane surface - Triggers vesicles formation - membrane folds inward to form pits

Question 30

Exocytosis

Answer 30

- release of fluids/solids from cells when intercellular vesicles fuse with membrane - requires ATP and calcium ions