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Biol 120 > Chapter 2 - The Cell: An Overview > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - The Cell: An Overview Flashcards

1
Q

What contains the contents of a cell?

A

The plasma membrane

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2
Q

What is the plasma membrane made of?

A

a bilayer of lipids with embedded protein molecules

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3
Q

What is hydrophobic?

A

repels water

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4
Q

What is a transport protein?

A

a protein embedded in the the cell membrane that forms a channel allowing selected polar molecules and ions to pass across the membrane

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5
Q

What is the purple item in the image?

A

A Transport Protein Channel

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6
Q

What is the purpose of the transport protein channels

A

To allow selective movement of ions and water-soluble molecules to maintina the specialized internal ionic and molecular environments required for cellular life.

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7
Q

What is this an image of?

A

Phosopholipid molecule

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8
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

All parts of the cell between teh plasma membrane and the central region. It contains the organelles, the cytosol and the cytoskeleton.

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9
Q

What are organelles?

A

small organized structures important for cell function. The nucleus and other speciallized internal structures and compartments of eukaryotic cells.

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10
Q

What is the cytosol?

A

An aqueous solution in the cytoplasm containing ions and various organic molecules.

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11
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

A protein-based framework of filamentous structures that help maintin proper cell shape and plays key roles in cell division and chromosome segregation.

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12
Q

What are the 2 different types of cells?

A

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

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13
Q

What are prokaryotic cells?

A

Bacteria and archaea - They lack a nucleus.

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14
Q

What is a nucleiod?

A

The central region of the prokaryotic cell with no boundary membrane separating it from the cytoplasm, where DNA replication and RNA transcription occur.

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15
Q

What are Eukaryotes?

A

Organisms in which DNA is enclosed in a nucleus.

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16
Q

What is a nucleus?

A

The central region of eukaryotic cells, separated by membranes from teh surrounding cytoplasm, where DNA replication and messenger RNA transcription occur.

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17
Q

What is the nuclear envelope?

A

membrane separating the nucleus from the cytoplasm. It consists of 2 membranes, one layers just inside the ither and separated by a narrow space.

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18
Q

What is a nuclear pore complex?

A

A large, cylindrical structure formed of many types of proteins. It exchanges molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm and prevents the transport of material not meant to cross the nuclear membrane.

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19
Q

What is a nuclear pore?

A

an opening in the membrane of the nuclear envelope through whcih large molecules, such as RNA and proteins, move between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.

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20
Q

What is chromatin?

A

the structural building block of a chromosome, which includes the complex DNA and its associated proteins.

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21
Q

What is the difference between chromatin and chromosome?

A

They are similar but Chromatin refers to any collection of DNA molecules with their associated protiens. Chromosome refers to one complete DNA molecule with its associated protein.

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22
Q

What is a nucleoli? (singular, nucleolus)

A

The nuclear sites of rRNA transcription, processing, and ribosome assembly in eukaryotes.

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23
Q

What is the function of a ribosome?

A

they use the information in mRNA to assemble amino acids and proteins.

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24
Q

Where are ribosomes found?

A

some are freely suspended in the cytosol, others are attached to membranes. Most are attached to the a network of membranes in the cytosol, called the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

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25
What is the endomembrane system?
a collection of interrelated internal membranous sacs that divide a cell into funtional and structural compartments
26
What are vesicles?
small membrane-bound compartments that transfer substances between parts of the endomembrane system.
27
What components make us the endomembrane system?
the nuclear envelope, endorplasmic reticulum, golgi complex, lysosomes, vesicles and plasma membrane
28
What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum?
an extensive interconnected network if cisternae that is responsible for the synthesis, transport, and initial modification of proteins and lipids.
29
What is cisternae?
membraneous channels and vesicles that make up the endoplasmic reticulum
30
What is the ER lumen?
the enclosed space surrounded by a cisterna
31
What is rough ER?
endoplasmic reticulum with many ribosomes studding its outer surface
32
How does the rough ER produce proteins?
The proteins made on ribosomes attached to the ER enter the ER lumen, where they fold into their final form. Chemical modifications occur in the lumen. The proteins are then delivered to other regions of the cell within small vesicles that pich off from the ER, travel through the cytosol, an join with the organell that performs the next steps in theor modification and distribution.
33
Where do most of the proteins made on the rough ER go?
the Golgi complex
34
What is smooth ER?
endoplasmic reticulum with no ribosomes attached to its membrane surfaces.
35
What is the function of the smooth ER?
various functions including synthesis f lipids that become part of the cell membrane.
36
The rough and smooth ER membranes in a cell are often connected. What determines the proportion of rough and smooth ER?
The function of the cell. Cells that are highly active in making proteins to be released outside the cell (Pancreas) are packed with rough ER. Cells that primarily synthesize lipids or break down toxic substances (liver) are packed with smooth ER
37
What is the Golgi complex?
The organelle responsible for the final modification, sorting, and distribution of proteins and lipids. It consists of a stack of flattened, membraneous sacs (without attached ribosomes)
38
What does the Golgi complex do?
It regulates the movement of several types of proteins. By adding a "postal code" to the protein, it determines which ones are secreted, whcih ones become embedded in the plasma membrane and which ones are placed in lysosomes.
39
What are secretory vesicles?
vesicles that transport proteins to the plasma membrane
40
What is exocytosis?
The process by which a secretory vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane and releases the vesicle contents to the exterior.
41
What happens to the vesicle once it fuses with the plasma membrane?
It becomes part of the cell membrane, expanding it's surface (cell growth)
42
What is endocytosis?
The process by which molecules are brought into the cell from the exterior involving a bulging in of the plasma membrane that piches off to form an endocytic vessicle.
43
What is an endocytic vessicle?
a vessicle that carries proteins and other molecules from teh plasma membrane to destinations within the cell.
44
What are lysosomes?
small, membrane-bound vesicles that contatin more than 30 enzymes for the digestions of many complex molecules, including proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and polysccharides.
45
How are lysosomes formed?
by budding from the Golgi complex
46
What is phagocytosis?
the process in which some types of cells engulf bacteria or other cellular debris to break them down.
47
What is the mitochondria?
the membrane-bound organelles in which cellular respiration occurs.
48
What is cellular respiration?
The process by which energy-rich molecules such as sugars, fats, and other fuels are broken down to water and CO2 by mitochondrial reactions, with the release of energy. -> ATP
49
How many membranes does the mitochondria have?
2
50
What is the outer mitochondrial membrane?
The smooth membrane covering the outside of a mitochondrion
51
What is the inner mitochondrial membrane?
The membrane surrounding the mitchondrial matrix. It is expanded by folds (Cristae)
52
What is the mitochondrial matrix?
The innermost compartment of the mitochondrion.
53
Where do ATP-Generating reactions of the mitochondrion take place?
in the christae and matrix.
54
What structural elements does the cytoskeleton of animal cells contain?
microtubules intermediate filaments microfilaments
55
What are microtubules?
a cytoskeletal component formed by the polymerizatoin of tubulin into rigis, hollow rods about 25nm in diameter.
56
What is a centrosome?
The main microtubule organizing centre of a cell, which organizes the microtubule cytoskeleton during interphase and positions many of the cytoplasmic organelles.
57
What is cilia?
motile structures, extending from a cell surface, that move a cell through fluid or fluid over a cell.
58
What are cell adhesion molecules?
glycoproteins embedded in the plasma membrane. They help maintain body form and structure in animal cells. They bind to specific molecules on other cells. Most cells in solid body tissues are held together by many different adhesion molecules
59
What are anchoring junctions?
Cell junction that forms belts that run entirely around cells, "welding" adjacent cells together. Most common in tissues that are subject to stretching, shear, or other mechanical forces. (heart muscles, skin)
60
What are desmosomes?
anchoring junction for which microfilaments anchor the junction in the underlying cytoplasm.
61
What are adherens junctions?
Animal cell junction in which intermediate filaments are the anchoring cytoskeletal component.
62
What are tight junctions?
region of tight connections between membranes of adjacent cells. It formed by direct fusion of proteins on the outer sruface s of the two plasma membranes of adjacent cells. The tight junctions between cells that line the stomach, intestine, and bladder keep the contents of these body cavities from leaking into surrounding tissues.
63
What are gap junctions?
a junction that opens direct channels allowing ions and small molecules to pass directly from one cell to another allowing almost instantaneous communication between cells.
64
Which of the following is a component of the cell theory? A. new cells arise from pre-existing cells B. cells contain genetic material C. the cell is the largest unit of life D. living and non-living things are composed of cells.
A. New cells arise from pre-existing cells
65
Which of the following is a domain of life? A. the prokaryotes B. The eukarya C. the animals D. the plants
B. The Eukarya
66
Which statement is true? A. Viruses can be seen with a light microscope B. Resolution if the ratio of the size of the object as viewed to its real size C. Magnification is the minimum distance between two visually distinct points in a specimen D. Bacteria can be seen only with a microscope
D. Bacteria can be seen only with a microscope
67
Which statement explains why cells are small? A. as cells grow, the surface area to volume ratio increases B. As cells grow, the surface area to volume doubles C. As cells grow, the surface area to volume ratio decreases D. As cells grow, the surface area to volume ration does not change.
C. As cells grow, the surface area to volume ratio decreases.
68
Which statement is not true? A. The cytosol is the aqueous part of the cytoplasm B. DNA contains genes that code for individual purposes C. All organelles are membrane-enclosed D. The cytoskeleton is present in all types of cells
C. All organelles are membrane-enclosed
69
When using a microscope, what does magnification represent? A. The ratio of the object as viewed to its real size B. The ratio of the object as viewed to other nearby objects C. The ratio of the object's surface to its volume D. The ratio of the object's volume to its distance from the lens.
A. The ratio of the object as viewed to its real size
70
Which statement about prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is true? A. Prokaryotic cells have a plasma membrane, but eukaryotic cells do not B. Eukaryotic cells have DNA, but prokaryotic cells do not C. Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, but prokaryotic cells do not D. Prokaryotic cells have ribosomes, but eukaryotic cells do not.
C. Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, but prokaryotic cells do not.
71
Which of the following is a property of the nucleoid? A. It can be seen with the electron microscope B. It contains a highly condensed prokaryotic chromosome C. It is located in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells D. It contains the genes necessary for life in plants.
A. It can be seen with the electron microscope
72
Which of the following functions is performed by bacterial pili? A. Attachments to surfaces and other cells. B. Provision of rigidity to the cell C. Protection against desiccation D. Translation of mRNA for protein synthesis
A. Attachment to surfaces and other cells
73
What is the function of the capsule in bacteria? A. movement in the environment B. Involvement in sexual reproduction C. Protection from the physical environment D. Assembly of amino acids to proteins.
C. Protection from the physical environment
74
Which of the following structures propels prokaryotic cells through liquids? A. the pili B. The slime layer C. The flagella D. Membrane proteins.
C. The flagella
75
Which of the following is a characteristic of the nuclear envelope? A. It is a single phospholipid bylayer B. It contains hundreds of protein complexes containing nucleoporins C. It allows the material to move back and forth between the nucleus and the Golgi complex D. It maintains a liquid interior that is identical in composition as the cytoplasm.
B. It contains hundreds of protein complexes containing nucleoporins.
76
Which of the following sets of structures is typical of eukaryotic cells but not prokaryotic cells? a. circular chromosome(s), chromatin, nucleolus b. nucleoid, chromatin, nucleolus c. chromosome(s), nucleoid d. nuclear envelope, chromatin, nucleolus
d. nuclear envelope, chromatin, nucleolus
77
Which of the following is part of the endomembrane system? a. the rough endoplasmic reticulum b. chromosomes c. cristae d. plastids
a. the rough endoplasmic reticulum
78
Which of the following occurs in the Golgi complex? a. autophagy b. lipid synthesis c. chemical modification and sorting of proteins d. assembly of proteins using an mRNA template
c. chemical modification and sorting of proteins
79
Where in the cell can bound ribosomes be found? a. lysosomes b. Golgi c. nuclear envelope d. plasma membrane
c. nuclear envelope
80
Which process results in a secretory vesicle fusing with the plasma membrane and expelling the vesicle contents to the outside of the cell? a. endocytosis b. exocytosis c. phagocytosis d. photosynthesis
b. exocytosis
81
Which of the following statements about lysosomes is NOT true? a. They are found in both animal and plant cells. b. They are important in the process of autophagy. c. They fuse with phagocytic vesicles. d. They may be associated with human disease.
a. They are found in both animal and plant cells.
82
Which statement regarding cellular respiration is NOT true? a. It involves the oxidation of food molecules for energy generation. b. It generates less than half of the ATP in the animal cell. c. It occurs in plant and animal cells. d. It involves an organelle that may have a bacterial ancestor.
b. It generates less than half of the ATP in the animal cell.
83
Which of the following is associated with the cytoskeleton? a. ribosomes b. collagen c. microtubules d. nucleoporins
c. microtubules

Biol 120 (9 decks)

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