Chapter 2 The Cells And Its Function

Question 1

Two major parts of the cell

Answer 1

Nucleus
Cytoplasm

Question 2

The different substances that make up the cell

Answer 2

Protoplasm

Question 3

Components of protoplasm

Answer 3

Water
Electrolytes
Proteins
Lipids
carbohydrates

Question 4

The principal fluid medium of the cell,
which is present in most cells

Answer 4

water

Question 5

water is present in most cells except

Answer 5

Fat cells in a concentration of 70-85 percent

Question 6

Important ions in the cell include

Answer 6

potassium
magnesium
phosphate
Sulfate
bicarbonate
And smaller quantities of sodium, chloride, and calcium

Question 7

provide inorganic chemicals for cellular reactions. Also, they are necessary for operation of some of
the cellular control mechanisms

Answer 7

Ions

Question 8

ions acting at the cell membrane are required for transmission of what?

Answer 8

electrochemical impulses in nerve and muscle fibers.

Question 9

Percent constitute of protein in a cell mass

Answer 9

10-20 percent

Question 10

are present in the cell mainly in the
form of long filaments that are polymers of many individual
protein molecules.

Answer 10

Structural proteins

Question 11

are found especially in the
collagen and elastin fibers of connective tissue and in blood
vessel walls, tendons, ligaments, and so forth.

Answer 11

fibrillar proteins

Question 12

are an entirely different type
of protein, usually composed of combinations of a few
molecules in tubular-globular form.
This protein are mainly enzymes of the cells

Answer 12

functional proteins

Question 13

Are often mobile mobile in the cell fluid

Answer 13

Fibrillar protein

Question 14

Mainly insoluble in water and therefore are used to form the cell membrane a d intracellular membrane barriers

Answer 14

Phospholipids and cholesterol

Question 15

Often account for as much as 95 percent of the cell mass

Answer 15

Triglycerides

Question 16

Insoluble polymers of glucose that can be depolymerized and used rapidly to supply the cells energy needs

Answer 16

Glycogen

Question 17

Interspersed in this lipid film are large globular protein molecules

Answer 17

Lipid bilayer

Question 18

The phosphate end of phospholipids is?

Answer 18

Hydrophilic

Question 19

Fatty acids portion of phospholipids is?

Answer 19

Hydrophobic

Question 20

Steroid nucleus is highly fat soluble
Help maintain the permeability of the bilayer to water soluble constituents of body fluid
Controls much of the fluidity of the membrane as well

Answer 20

Cholesterol molecules

Question 21

Two types of cell membrane proteins

Answer 21

Integrals protein
Peripheral protein

Question 22

Cell membrane protein that Protude all the way through membrane

Answer 22

Integral protein

Question 23

Cell membrane protein that are attached only to the surface of the membrane and do not penetrate all the way through

Answer 23

Peripheral protein

Question 24

Transport substances in the direction opposite to their electrochemical gradients for diffusion

Answer 24

Active transport

Question 25

Function of integral protein

Answer 25

Acts as carrier protein Serves as receptors for water soluble chemicals

Question 26

Function almost entirely as enzymes or as controllers of transport of substances through the cell membrane "pores"

Answer 26

Peripheral protein

Question 27

Mainly carbohydrates substances bound to small protein cores loosely attached to the outer surface of the cell.

Answer 27

Proteoglycans

Question 28

Several important function of carbohydrates moieties

Question 29

Network of tubular flat vesicular structure

Answer 29

ER

Question 30

Function for the synthesis of lipid substances and for the processes of cells promoted by intrareticular enzymes

Answer 30

Agranular reticulum

Question 31

Small transport vesicle

Answer 31

Golgi apparatus

Question 32

Contains large quantities of dissolved enzymes that are necessary for extracting energy from nutrient

Answer 32

Matrix

Question 33

Small pits on the outer surface of cell membrane

Answer 33

Coated pits

Question 34

occurs continually in the cell membranes of most cells, but it is especially rapid in some cells.

Answer 34

Pinocytosis

Question 35

means ingestion of minute particles that form vesicles of extracellular fluid and particulate constituents inside the cell cytoplasm.

Answer 35

Pinocytosis

Question 36

means ingestion of large particles, such as bacteria, whole cells, or portions of degenerating tissue.

Answer 36

Phagocytosis

Question 37

latticework of fibrillar protein called ,

Answer 37

clathrin

Question 38

is formed inside the cell cytoplasm in which the vesicular hydrolases begin hydrolyzing the proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and other substances in the vesicle

Answer 38

digestive vesicle

Question 39

cell is completely removed and a new cell of the same type ordinarily is formed by mitotic reproduction of an adjacent cell to take the place of the old one.

Answer 39

Autolysis

Question 40

, which dissolves the bacterial cell membrane;

Answer 40

lysozyme

Question 41

, which binds iron and other substances before they can promote bacterial growth;

Answer 41

lysoferrin

Question 42

continually break away from the smooth reticulum; most of these vesicles then migrate rapidly to the Golgi apparatus

Answer 42

ER vesicles or transport vesicles

Question 43

functions of the endoplasmic reticulum, especially the smooth reticulum

Answer 43

1. It provides the enzymes that control glycogen breakdown when glycogen is to be used for energy. 2. It provides a vast number of enzymes that are capable of detoxifying substances,

Question 44

hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate is form by what?

Answer 44

Golgi apparatus

Question 45

containing protein substances that are to be secreted through the surface of the cell membrane.

Answer 45

secretory vesicles

Question 46

is stimulated by the entry of calcium ions into the cell;

Answer 46

Exocytosis

Question 47

ATP is a nucleotide composed of

Answer 47

(1) the nitrogenous base adenine , (2) the pentose sugar ribose, and (3) three phosphate radicals

Question 48

In citric acid cycle, the ACETYL COA is split into 2 compartment parts

Answer 48

Hydrogen atoms Carbon dioxide

Question 49

Protudes like knobs from the membranes of the mitochondrion shelves

Answer 49

ATP synthetase

Question 50

Overall process for formation of ATP

Answer 50

chemiosmotic mechanism

Question 51

Uses of ATP for cellular function

Question 52

Energy from ATP is used to promote three major categories of cellular function

Question 53

The most important type of movement that occurs in the body

Answer 53

Muscle cells in skeletal Cardiac and smooth muscle

Question 54

Projects far out away from the cell body and partially secures itself in new tissue area.

Answer 54

Pseudopodium

Question 55

Projects far out away from the cell body and partially secures itself in new tissue area.

Answer 55

Pseudopodium

Question 56

The most common cells to exhibit ameboid locomotion in human body

Answer 56

White blood cells

Question 57

The most common initiator of ameboid locomotion

Answer 57

Chemotaxis

Question 58

Whip-like movement of cilia on the surface of cells

Answer 58

Ciliary movement

Question 59

Movement of flagellum in sperm

Answer 59

quasi-sinusoidal

Question 60

Total complex of tubules and cross linkages

Answer 60

Axoneme

Question 61

Has ATPase enzymatic activity project from each double tubule towards an adjacent tubule

Answer 61

Protein dynein