Chapter 2: The Molacules Of Cells

Question 0

Bases

Answer 0

Molecules tending to lower the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution and raise the pH numerically

Question 1

Calorie

Answer 1

Amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of water 1°C

Question 2

Acids

Answer 2

Molecules tending to raise the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution and lower it’s pH numerically

Question 3

Buffer

Answer 3

Substance or group of substances that tend to resist pH changes of a solution, thus stabilizing it’s relative acidity and basicity

Question 4

Organic molecule

Answer 4

Molecule that always contains carbon and hydrogen and often oxygen; Organic molecules are associated with living things

Question 5

Polymer

Answer 5

Macromolecule consisting of covalently bonded monomers; for example, a polypeptide is a polymer of monomers called amino acids

Question 6

Functional group

Answer 6

Specific cluster of atoms attached to the carbon skeleton of organic molecules that enters into reactions and behaves in a predictable way

Question 7

Monomer

Answer 7

Small molecule that is a subunit of a polymer; example, glucose is a monomer of starch

Question 8

Dehydration reaction

Answer 8

Chemical reaction resulting in a covalent bond with the accompanying loss of a water molecule

Question 9

Hydrolysis reaction

Answer 9

Splitting of a compound by the addition of water, with the hydrogen being incorporated in one fragment and hydroxide in the other

Question 10

Carbohydrate

Answer 10

Class of organic compounds characterized by the presence of CH20 groups; includes monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

Question 11

Monosaccharide

Answer 11

Simple sugar; a carbohydrate that cannot be decomposed by hydrolysis

Question 12

Pentose

Answer 12

Five carbon sugar

Question 13

hexose

Answer 13

Six carbon sugar

Question 14

Glucose

Answer 14

Six carbon sugar that organisms degrade as a source of energy during cellular respiration

Question 15

Disaccharide

Answer 15

Sugar that contains two units of monosaccharides

Question 16

Polysaccharide

Answer 16

Polymer made from sugar monomers

Question 17

Starch

Answer 17

Storage polysaccharide found in plants that is composed of glucose molecules joined in a linear fashion with a few sidechains

Question 18

Glycogen

Answer 18

Storage polysaccharides, found in animals, composed of glucose molecules joined in a linear fashion with branches

Question 19

Cellulose

Answer 19

Polysaccharides composed of glucose molecules, Chief constituent of a plant cell wall

Question 20

Lipids

Answer 20

Organic compound that is insoluble in H2O; example fats, or oils, steroids

Question 21

Fats

Answer 21

Organic molecule that contains glycerol and fatty acids and is found in adipose tissue

Question 22

Oils

Answer 22

Triglyceride, usually of plant origin, composed of glycerol and three fatty acid that is liquid in consistency

Question 23

Triglyceride

Answer 23

Neutral fat, composed of glycerol and three fatty acid’s

Question 24

Emulsification

Answer 24

Breaking up of a fat globules into smaller droplets by the action of bile salts or any other emulsifier

Question 25

Fatty acid

Answer 25

Molecule that contains a hydrocarbon chain and ends with an acid group

Question 26

Saturated fatty acid's

Answer 26

Molecule that lacks double bands between the carbons of its hydrocarbon chain, the chain bears the maximum number of hydrogen

Question 27

Non-saturated fatty acid

Answer 27

Do not contain the maximum number of hydrogens

Question 28

Phospholipids

Answer 28

Molecule that forms the bilayer of the cells membrane, has a polar, hydrophilic head bonded to two nonpolar tails

Question 29

Steroids

Answer 29

Type of lipid molecule having a complex of four carbon rings; Example, cholesterol, and testosterone

Question 30

Amino acids

Answer 30

Monomer of a protein; takes its name from the fact that it contains an amino group

Question 31

ATP

Answer 31

Nucleotide with three phosphate groups. The breakdown of ATP into ADP plus a phosphate make energy available for energy requiring process is the cell

Question 32

ADP

Answer 32

Nucleotide with two phosphate groups that can except another phosphate group and become ATP

Question 33

DNA

Answer 33

Nucleic acid found in cells; the genetic material that specifies protein synthesis in cells

Question 34

Double helix

Answer 34

Double spiral; describes the three dimensional shape of DNA

Question 35

Denaturation

Answer 35

Loss of normal shape by an enzyme so that it no longer functions; caused by a less than optimal pH or temperature

Question 36

Enzymes

Answer 36

Organic catalyst, usually a protein, that speeds up a reaction in cells due to its particular shape

Question 37

Nucleotide

Answer 37

Monomer of DNA and RNA consisting of a five carbon sugar bonded to a nitrogen containing base and a phosphate group

Question 38

Protein

Answer 38

Organic macromolecule that is composed of either one or several polypeptides

Question 39

Peptide bond

Answer 39

Covalent bond that joins two amino acids

Question 40

Polypeptide

Answer 40

Polymer of many amino acids linked by peptide bonds

Question 41

RNA

Answer 41

Nucleic acid produced from covalent bonding of nucleotide monomers that contain the sugar ribose; occurs in the forms: Messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA