Chapter 2 - The Nature of Matter Flashcards
(203 cards)
1
Q
def: a specialized flat-bottomed funnel sits atop a side-arm Erlenmeyer flask connected to vacuum source, low pressure inside the flask sucks the filtrate through the filter
A
vacuum filtration
2
Q
def: separation of a mixture’s components based on the difference in chemical properties, requiring a chemical reaction, thus forming a new substance
A
chemical separation
3
Q
def: the pressure exerted by a vapour on its remaining liquid, at a given temperature
A
vapour pressure
4
Q
binary ionic compounds contain…
A
one metal and one non-metal
5
Q
def: a ratio comparing the progress an analyte makes across the stationary phase to the progress the solvent makes, for that analyte, in that solvent, on that stationary phase.
A
retention factor
6
Q
what four terms are used to describe chromatography?
A
analytes, mobile phase, stationary phase and chromatograph
7
Q
what are 3 properties of a non-metal?
A
- poor conductors
- most gases
- lower density
- brittle in solid form
8
Q
how well an analyte dissolves in a gaseous mobile phases depends on its ______ and its ______-
A
boiling point and volatility
9
Q
def: describes a system made up of more than on phase
A
hetergenous
10
Q
def: the scattering of light as it reflects off the insoluble particles of a colloid or a fine suspension
A
Tyndall effect
11
Q
def: the total energy contained within an object, representing the sum of all the particles kinetic and potential energies
A
internal energy (U)
Ekin + Epot = U
12
Q
def: an inorganic that included water molecules within its crystal lattice, with a definite ratio of water and salt
A
hydrate
13
Q
def: the characteristics of a material that allow the material’s description and identification
A
properties
14
Q
def: the part of the solution that exists in the greater quantity - the major component
WHAT THE SOLUTE DISSOLVES INTO
A
solvent
15
Q
name 3 factors that influence reactivity?
A
temperature, chemical bonds and concetration
16
Q
you can recognize the formula of a binary compound because it contains only ________
A
two capital letters
17
Q
when buoyancy is greater than gravity, indicates…?
A
positive buoyancy
18
Q
def: oppositely charges ions held together by ionic bond, an electrical attractive force
A
ion pair
19
Q
def: a chemical substance capable of releasing hydroxide anions and that generates a pH greater than 7 when dissolved in water
A
base
20
Q
what are the disadvantages of decantation?
A
- only works in suspensions
- some liquids stay behind
- its almost impossible to not lose any solid
21
Q
def: any compound that contains only two elements, in any ratio
A
binary compound
22
Q
ions with the second most oxygens get the ending of…
A
-ate
23
Q
def: the simplest way to filter, best for suspensions with large particles, filter medium is semi-permeable
A
gravity filtration
24
Q
def: the slow vaporization of a liquid from its surface when that liquid is below its boiling point
A
evaporation
25
any compound containing only non-metals is a ______ compound
covalent
26
in suspensions, the solid particles have _______ buoyancy, because of larger size and density
negative buoyancy
27
fractional distillation repeats the _______________ cycle multiple times
vaporization-condensation
28
def: any ionic compound that does not contain hydroxide
salt
29
as a centrifuge spins, the container feels a _______ force
centripetal
30
def: any property that depends on the nature of the substance, rather than the amount
intensive property
31
stronger attraction between fluid's particles = _____ buoyancy
more buoyancy
32
simple distillation can only separate solids or liquids whose boiling points are _______
sufficiently different
33
def: an increase of volume (increase in Epot) as temperature increases (increase in Eki)
thermal expansion
34
def: energy that transfers between objects of different internal energies, observable as difference in temperature
heat
35
def: a relative expression of a substance's tendency to vaporize
volatility
36
ions with the fewest oxygens get the prefix and ending of...
hypo- -ite
37
def: the change in energy when a specific quantity of substance undergoes complete combustion with oxygen
heat of combustion
38
preparative techniques allow you to ______ the components of a solution
purify
39
def: only applies to molecules, causes changes to bonds length and angles, relative movement of atoms within a molecule
vibrational energy
40
___________ distillation can improve the separation of liquids whose boiling points are too similar
fractional
41
def: a procedure for separating the components of a mixture by exploiting differences in either physical or chemical properties
separation technique
42
def: a decrease in volume (decrease in Epot) as temperature decreases (decrease in Ekin) as internal energy decreases
thermal contraction
43
what do you call it when a solid becomes a liquid?
melting
44
def: a technique for separating components from a liquid containing mixture using selective vaporization and condensation
distillation
45
def: made up of more than one element, molecules or ion paires
compound
46
def: the amount of heat required to change a specified amount of substance from a liquid to a gas, at its boiling point
heat of vaporization
| Hv
47
alloys are ________ solutions
solid-in-solid
48
def: a substance made up of multiple chemical species, having more that one type of particle, can be separated by physical means
mixture
49
def: the solid left over in the reboiler after distillation
residue
50
what are the three common states of matter?
solid, liquid, gas
51
def: when you can or need to filter small volumes of liquid, attach wheel filter to a syringe and use syringe to suck the mixture through wheel
syringe filtration
52
heat of fusion represents the difference in ______ energy between solid and liquid states
potential
53
def: a type of homogenous mixture, having multiple chemical species in a single phase, where one or more substances dissolve into another
solution
54
intensive and extensive describe _____ properties exclusively
physical
55
def: any metal that has multiple possible ionic charges
multivalent metal
56
what are the three classification of elements?
metals, non-metals, metalloids
57
how well an analytes dissolves in a liquid mobile phase depends on its _______
solubility
58
heat will continue transferring until ________
the temperatures of the objects are equal
59
if you want a more or less buoyant fluid, what do you have to do?
get a new fluid
60
when objects gain _____, that added energy transforms into either kinetic energy or potential energy
heat
61
when gravity is greater than buoyancy, indicates...?
negative buoyancy
62
def: a compound made up of one or more cations and one or more anions
ionic compound
63
def: manually selecting and separating each phase of a mixture one by one
manual separation
64
what are 4 different ways of classifying matter?
1. qualitative
2. quantitative
3. extensive
4. intensive
65
def: a solid over or through which the mobile phase flows
stationary phase
66
def: a solution composed of a solute dissolved in water (aq)
aqueous solution
67
def: refers to a substance that contains no water
anhydrous
68
we typically separate colloids using ______
centrifugation
69
what are the advantages of decantation?
- quick and easy
| - can collect either solid or liquid phase
70
def: only applies to molecules, causes the molecules to rotate around one of its three axes, doesn't affect bonds
rotational energy
71
def: the separation of a solid from a fluid by passing the mixture through a filter medium, which blocks and collects the solid, while allowing the liquid or the gas through
filtration
72
def: any of a substance's properties that arise as a result of a chemical reaction, where a new substance forms, or that describe a substance's tendency to react
chemical property
73
what are 3 properties of metalloids?
- properties from both groups
| - semi-conductors
74
def: a method for separating different solutes in a solution bases on their relative solubilities in two liquids that don't mix
solvent extraction
75
in fractional distillation, a _______ is place between the reboiler and the condenser
fractionating column
76
you can use distillation to separate liquids from other liquids or ______ solids
dissolved
77
def: the change in energy when elemental atoms combine to form a compoud
heat of formation
78
buoyancy depends on...
the strength of the attraction between the fluids particles
79
what are 3 components of a distillation apparatus?
reboiler, condenser and receiver
80
changes in kinetic energy reflect changes in particle ______
movement
81
def: an upward force exerted by a fluid on any object immersed in that fluid, which acts in opposition to gravity's downward pull
buoyancy
82
separating particles that attract each other require an ____ in ______ energy
increase in potential energy
83
def: a compound formed of molecules, atoms held together sharing electrons
covalent compound
84
rf = migration time of analyte/migration time of solvent
| column or planar chromatography?
column
85
what are the two different types of chromatography?
analytical and preparative
86
def: the sharing of electrons between atoms, holding the atoms together to form a molecule
covalent bond
87
what are the four key points of the KMT?
- all matter is made of tiny particles
- there is empty space between the particles
- the particles are always moving
- energy makes the particles move
88
def: describes a system made up of only one phase
homogenous
89
def: the solid left over on the filter medium after filtration
residue
90
like decantation, filtration doesn't work on _______
solutions
91
what are 3 properties of metals?
- conductive
- malleable
- ductile
- highly lustrous
92
def: physical material made up of atoms, everything with a mass and volume
matter
93
increase in energy is proportional to ________
number of particles
94
def: the gas that forms from a substance that boils above room temperature
vapour
95
def: applied to both atoms and molecules, causes particles to move in a straight line from one place to another
translational energy
96
ions with the second fewest oxygens get the ending of...
-ite
97
def: the amount of heat required to melt a specified amount of substance at its melting point
Heat of fusion
| Hf (joules/gram)
98
in colloids, the solid particles are not ___________ for gravity's pull to overcome buoyancy's push
large enough or dense enough
99
def: any compound that contains carbon and usually hydrogen, with a few exceptions
organic compound
100
def: an atom that is electrically charged because on an imbalance between the number of protons and the number of electrons
ion
101
pure substances require one chemical species, not one _____
phase
102
def: a group of two or more atoms held together by the covalent bonds, a sharing of electrons between atoms
molecule
103
def: a type of heterogenous mixture, containing multiple chemical species in multiple phases, specifically insoluble solid particles that are large enough to settle out
suspension
104
def: the simplest and smallest unit of mass that maintains the properties of the substace
atom
105
when light passes through a colloid, the light ______
scatters in some parts
106
def: the part of the solution that exists in the smaller quantity - the minor component
THE PART THAT IS DISSOLVING
solute
107
what is the most useful chemical property?
reactivity
108
def: the liquid that condenses and collects in the distillation receiver
distillate
109
def: any part of a system that is uniform in composition and in properties, making it visually distinct from the rest of the system
phase
110
def: the study of the properties, composition, and behavior of matter
chemistry
111
def: any property of a substance that can be measured or described without creating a new substance
physical property
112
def: the change of state from a liquid to a gas
vapourization
113
what are three variations of filtration
- gravity filtration
- vacuum filtration
- syringe filtration
114
def: a measure of how much matter an object contains
mass
115
def: the collective term for various techniques that separate the solutes of a solution based on their different interactions between a fluid mobile phase and a solid stationary phase
chromatography
116
def: a chemical substance capable of releasing hydrogen cations and who generates a pH less than 7 when dissolved in water
acid
117
def: the energy an object or particle has because of its position relative to others, energy that is stores that has the potential to do work, but that isn't currently
potential energy
| Epot
118
what are the three types of buoyancy?
- negative buoyancy
- positive buoyancy
- neutral buoyancy
119
def: an element that has only one possible ionic charge
single-valent element
120
def: any polyatomic ion that contains a non-metal atom and some number of oxygen atoms according to the general formula AxOy^z-
oxyanions
121
def: a type of heterogeneous mixture, having microscopic (1 nm to 1000 nm) dispersed insoluble particles suspended throughout another substance
colloid
122
binary covalent compounds contain...
two non-metals
123
def: the process of particles in suspension settling out of the fluid in which they find themselves in response to a force acting upon them
sedimentation
124
when gravity and buoyancy are balanced, indicates...?
neutral buoyancy
125
def: separation of a mixture's components based on the differences in physical properties without forming a new substance
physical separation
126
what do you call it when a liquid turns into a solid?
freezing
127
def: any ion carrying a positive charge
cation
128
is boiling point intensive or extensive?
intensive
129
when potential energy increases, separation between particles _______
increases
130
def: any ion with a negative charge
anion
131
def: a mixture containing one or more metals
alloy
132
what do you call it when a solid becomes a gas?
sublimation
133
if solid particles rise to the top of a fluid, how can we separate them?
using the skimming method
134
what do you call it when plasma turns into a gas?
recombination
135
def: an alternating arrangement of anions and cations, positioning positives net to negatives and avoiding any side-by-side like charges
ionic crystal lattice
136
def: scientific theory that explains the behaviour of particles as their kinetic energy changes
kinetic molecular theory (KMT)
137
centripetal forces are directed towards where?
the centre of rotation
138
when an ideal substance changes state, its temperature ________
doesn't change
139
what are the 3 different categories of kinetic energy and how do they move?
translational
rotational
vibrational
140
what are the first two classifications of matter?
pure substance
| mixture
141
changes in potential energy reflect changes in particle _______
separation
142
if a gas continues to gain energy, increase in temp. and electrons separate from their atoms, what state is achieved?
plasma
143
what are the two types of pure substances?
element, compound
144
def: refers to an individual substance and all the particles of that substance
chemical species
145
chemical properties describe interactions with ___________
different forms of matter
146
def: any property that depends on the amount of the substance
extensive property
147
analytical techniques allow you to _______ and _____ a solutions solutes
separate and identify
148
physical properties describe interactions with ___________
matter and energy
149
we use ____ to identify multivalent metals
roman numerals
150
def: a substance that easily absorbs large amounts of water from its surroundings, creating or maintaining a state of dryness in the area
desiccant
151
def: refers to how easily or how quickly a substance undergoes a chemical reaction
reactivity
152
a mixture is either a _____ phase or a _____ phase made up of more than one chemical species
single-phase or multiphase
153
def: a separation technique in which rapidly spinning a sample in a centrifuge creates the force necessary to cause sedimentation
centrifugation
154
temperature remains constant during changes of state in an ideal substance because heat added turns into ______
potential energy
155
def: the temperature at which liquid completely changes state into a gas, at atmospheric pressure
boiling point
156
def: a sealable device filled with desiccants, capable of absorbing excess water, either to dry something or to protect it from moisture
desiccator
157
def: a substance made up of only one chemical species, having only one type of particle, cannot be seperated by physical means
pure substance
158
intensive properties remain ______ for a given substance, regardless of the amount
constant
159
if potential energy does not change but kinetic energy increases, then internal energy _______
increases
160
in simple distillation, the vapour enters the ______ immediately
condenser
161
def: the separation of a solid form a liquid by carefully pouring out the liquid portion while leaving behind the solid portion of a solid-in-liquid mixture
decantation
162
def: any compound that does not contain carbon, with a few exceptions
inorganic compound
163
rf = migration distance of analyte/migration distance of solvent front
column or planar chromatography?
planar
164
def: the removal of a solvent from a dissolved solid via evaporation, leaving behind only the solid
drying
165
def: either a gas or liquid solvent flowing through the system
mobile phase
166
simplest way to isolate the components of a heterogeneous mixture is to.....
manually separate them (if you can)
167
what are two categories of chromatography, based on how the stationary phase is arranged
planar chromatography and column chromatography
168
def: a measure of how much space and object occupies
volume
169
def: the fluid that passes through the filter medium
filtrate
170
while filtration works nicely on _______, you can also filter some colloids
suspensions
171
def: the simples pure substance, made of either: individual, identical atoms or molecules of identical atoms
element
172
ions with the most oxygens get the prefix and ending of...
per- -ate
173
changes in volume directly affect _______
potential energy
174
what are the two factors that influence vapour pressure?
volatility and temperature
175
what do you call it when a gas turns to plasma?
ionization
176
the ration of two ______ properties of the same material is itself an _______ property
extensive, intensive
177
def: the temperature at which solid changes state into a liquid, at atmospheric pressure
melting point
178
def: any ion carrying a negative charge
anion
179
no increase in temperature means no increase in _____, despite the substance gaining heat
kinetic energy
180
all materials have unique _________
properties
181
what counteracts the centrifugal force?
inertia
182
the more volatile the solvent, the _____ it evaporates
easier
183
def: the rapid vaporization of a liquid that is heated to its boiling point, occurring throughout the liquid
boiling
184
what do you call it when a gas turns into a liquid?
condensation
185
what's the difference between sediments and to sediment?
sediments are the sold particles that sink
| to sediment is to undergo sedimentation
186
def: the device or apparatus that carries out the separation
chromatograph
187
what do the 2 axes in a heating curve designate?
```
x-axis = heat added to an object
y-axis = temperature
```
188
def: an electrically neutral, high-energy fundamental state of matter, composed of positive ions and free electrons, formed by ionizing a gas, through either high temperature or high voltage
plasma
189
def: any ion derived from a single atom
monoatomic
190
def: a group of atoms who bond together through electron sharing and covalent bonds, collectively need to gain or lose one or more electrons
polyatomic ion
191
what do you call it when a liquid turns into a gas?
vaporization
192
non-metals that have become anions end in...
-ide
193
what do you call it when a gas turns into a solid?
deposition
194
def: the solutes we are trying to identify using chromatography
analytes
195
name three types of manual separation
hand separation
with sieves
with magnets
196
higher temperature = higher _________
kinetic energy
197
def: a comparative measure of energy, proportional to the average kinetic energy of an object's particles
temperature
198
def: different structural arrangements of a single element, creating materials with unique sets of properties
allotropes
199
def: an attraction between ions of opposite electrostatic charges
ionic bond
200
def: the energy an object or particle has because of its motion, energy that is currently doing work
kinetic energy
| Ekin
201
colloids and suspensions both contain ________
insoluble particles
202
volatile substances have relatively low________
boiling points
203
def: any ion with a positive charge
cation
