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Psychology 223 Chapter 2 > Chapter 2 Theories of development > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Theories of development Flashcards

1
Q

What does epigenetic marker do?

A

They control gene expression by opening or tightly packing chromatin.

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2
Q

What is polygenetic inheritance?

A

It is when many gene affects a phenotype

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3
Q

What is multifactorial inheritance?

A

It is when phenotype is influenced by gene and the environment

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4
Q

What is mitochondrial inheritance?

A

When mothers mitochondrial is passed down to their offspring

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5
Q

What is ethology?

A

genetically determined survival behavior that has evolved through natural selection

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6
Q

What does behavior genetic focus on?

A

heredity on individual differences

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7
Q

what does evolutionary psychology focus on?

A

focuses on genetically inherited cognitive and social traits which has evolved through natural selection

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8
Q

what does evolutionary developmental psychology focus on?

A

nature and nurture determine individual persona but they themselves has to have the ability to display age dependent stratergies

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9
Q

what is evolutionary prenatal programming? What happen if there is a mismatch?

A

it is when a fetus gets hint from the mothers environment and undergoes epigenetic changes to help survive in the predicted environment.

Mismatch can cause lifestyle related disease

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10
Q

how does human genomic help us?

A

able to predict and prevent diseases before it happens by decoding of DNA (breast cancer)

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11
Q

what kind of mutation causes and increase in type 2 diabetes in the first nation people.

A

G139S mutation which affects the structure of the liver

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12
Q

switching from low carb diet to junk food increased type 2 diabetes among first nation. what does this tell us?

A

there is a genetic susceptibility with multiple environment factors

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13
Q

who developed psychoanalytic theory and what is it?

A

sigmund freud. development happen due to internal drive and emotions influencing behavior

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14
Q

what does freud psychosexual theory say about unconscious processes

A

unconscious process are libido which are internal drive for physical pleasure and is the motivating force for most behavior

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15
Q

What did freud say about the 3 parts of personality (Id, ego, superego)

A

id is the unconscious (libido) - basic sexual and aggressive impulses

ego is the conscious and it keeps id satisfy by finding ways to obtained it at the same time not violating the superego and is important in keeping all 3 components in balance

superego is the moral judge

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16
Q

what are the 5 psychosexual stage and where does the libido centered at in each stage?

A 
oral - mouth
anal - anal
phalic - genitals
latency - none
genitals - genitals
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17
Q

how does eriksons theory differs from freuds

A

erikson theory is about internal drive and cultural demand thus forming the psychoSOCIAL stages compared to freuds libido psychosexual stage

18
Q

how does humanistic theory relate to jean-jacques rousseau

A

derived from the basis that all children are born with innate goodness and that their internal drive is individual motivation to achieve their full potential

19
Q

describe maslow self actualization

A

fulfiling ones unique personal potential

20
Q

what are the 2 subsets of development of motives

A

deficiency motive - drive to maintain physical and emotional homeostasis

being motive - desire to understand - sense of well being

21
Q

describe carl rogers personal growth

A

caretake who gives affection to children only when desire behavior is met can diminish child sense of self worth

22
Q

which philosopher does learning theories align with

A

john locke

23
Q

what is behaviourism

A

development in behavior caused by environments (Conditioning)

24
Q

describe classical conditioning

A

learning begins with biologically programmed stimulus or reflexes

25
Q

what is systemic desensitization

A

child with anxiety can practice relaxation every single step (School example)

26
Q

explain skinners operant conditioning with + / - reinforcement and punishment

A

+ reinforcement is when you add something to increase a chance that behavior occurs again

  • reinforcement is taking away something to increase chance that the behavior occurs again

+ punishment is adding something to prevent a behavior

  • punishment is taking away something to prevent a behavior
27
Q

what is partial reinforcement

A

reinforcement of behavior on some occasion but not others - more common in real world and very resistant to extinction

28
Q

what does in mean by shaping?

A

reinforcement in immediate step such as playing a sport

29
Q

what is the central idea of piagets cognitive development theory

A

idea of schemes which are internal cognitive structure that provides procedure to follow in a specific circumstances

30
Q

explain the 3 processes of piaget theory on building complex mental schemes

A

1) assimilation - using schemes
2) accommodation - changing scheme through new info from assimilation - key to developmental change
3) equilibration - balancing assimilation and accommodation to create schemes that better fit the environment

31
Q

what are the 3 main thing of information processing theory as to how memory processes

A

encoding, storage, retrieval

32
Q

describe how you understand a word

A

sound enters through sensory motor which moves into short term working memory. knowledge of word comes from long term memory. all of this occurs in short term memory and work together for you to understand a word

33
Q

what are non-piagetian theory?

A

children can’t do complex problem due to limited capacity in short term working memory

34
Q

what is the central of vygotsky sociocultural theory?

A

idea of scaffolding where an adult or more experience child teaches a child something that would otherwise not able to make sense by themselves

35
Q

describe banduras concept of modeling

A

behaviors are learn from watching someone else

36
Q

describe banduras reciprocal determinism

A

human development is based on 3 factors which is personal, behavioral and environmental

37
Q

what does it mean by coevolution

A

the idea that we are not only affected by our circumstances but also we are able to exert influence over our situation which in turn can affect our expectation about how much influence we can have in the future

38
Q

what is holism?

A

the idea that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.

39
Q

what does it mean to have higher or lower holistic health

A

high holistic health results in wellness while lower holistic health results in disorders

40
Q

why does eco bio developmentalist endorse early intervention stratergies?

A

cost effective way to improve health

Psychology 223 Chapter 2 (1 decks)

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