Chapter 2: Understanding Development

Question 1

Are propositions and hypotheses (they are not fact)?

Answer 1

Theories

Question 2

What is the purpose of theories?

Answer 2

• human development are models for understanding how individuals develop, grow, and change over time
• helping map out how helpers can intervene to promote change in others

Question 3

Theories of Development?

Answer 3

1) psychodynamic theories
2) ethological theories
3) humanistic theories
4) behavioral/learning theories
5) contemporary theories

Question 4

Freud’s psychodynamic theory: the mind has 3 interconnected parts?

Answer 4

1) id - represents our unconscious instinctive drives
2) superego - represents our conscience
3) ego - mediates between the id and superego

Question 5

Childhood experience inform lifestyle beliefs that influence one’s actions

Humans are born social

Answer 5

Adler’s individual psychology (Adlerian theory)

Question 6

All behaviors are interpersonal in nature (self does not exist, always influence by social relationship)

Answer 6

Sullivan’s interpersonal theory of psychotherapy

Question 7

Development is impeded by an inability to negotiate the challenge at each stage

Answer 7

Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development

Question 8

Uses evolution to explain human development?

Answer 8

Ethological theories

Question 9

The bond between infant and their primary caregivers is the most critical aspect of human development

Answer 9

Bowlby’s attachment theory

Question 10

People have an innate capacity to self-actualize

Answer 10

Rodger’s client-centered theory

Question 11

When people are in the present moment, they are to live authentically and be agents in decision making

Answer 11

Gestalt therapy

Question 12

Emphasis on personal subjectivity - the way people make meaning of their experience is a central component of development

Answer 12

Existentialism

Question 13

People have an innate motivation and the potential to live a good life when they are in an environment that fosters such development

Answer 13

Positive psychology

Question 14

Refers to the degree to which a person’s behavior. attitudes and other personal characteristics are determined or caused by a specific factor

Answer 14

Determinism

Question 15

This type of determinism states that “who we are is determined by our genes.” (nature)

Answer 15

Biological determinism

Question 16

This type of determinism takes a strong “cultural-determinist” position. (nurture)

Answer 16

Social/cultural determinism: behaviorism

Question 17

Stimuli shape learning based on impulse or reflex

Answer 17

Pavlov’s classical conditioning

Question 18

Reinforcement and punishment shape learning

Answer 18

Skinner’s operant conditioning

Question 19

Modeling, observational learning, reinforcement, and motivation shape learning

Answer 19

Bandura’s social learning theory

Question 20

Development is constructed in interpersonal, cultural, historical, and political contexts

Answer 20

Contemporary theories

Question 21

Behavior and thinking cannot be separated from their cultural context (personality develops from social interaction)

Answer 21

Vygotsky

Question 22

Examines socialization, the development of the self, and social roles in the context of human interaction

Answer 22

Social constructionism

Question 23

Looks at the meaning of daily social interactions

Answer 23

Symbolic interactionism

Question 24

The individual’s self-image is based on how a person thinks they are viewed by others (looking-glass self)

Answer 24

Charles Cooley

Question 25

3 components of the looking-glass self?

Answer 25

1) how you imagine you appear to others 2) how you imagine those others judge your appearance 3) how you feel as a result

Question 26

Development occurs within complex social systems that project unique spheres of influence on people's lives

Answer 26

Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory

Question 27

Are interested in how gender is socially constructed

Answer 27

Feminist theory: gender and socialization

Question 28

Are interested in disability is socially constructed

Answer 28

Feminist disability theory

Question 29

Made up of social variables/traits like age, "race" and ethnicity, sex and gender, class, (dis) ability, and sexual orientation

Answer 29

Social location

Question 30

Negative valued traits/variables "intersect", and this often results in even worse experiences of discrimination and marginalization

Answer 30

Intersectionality

Question 31

Michel Foucault - Ways of speaking about something that produces knowledge and creates meaning - gain status and come to be known as "truth" - are marginalized, but can offer a way to resist/challenge/contest dominant discourses - process of examining how individual discourses developed

Answer 31

- discourse - dominant discourses - alternative discourses - archeology of knowledge

Question 32

Rooted in feminist and critical theory Power of telling one's story and of being heard

Answer 32

Contemporary theories: Narrative theory