Chapter 2 Unit 3

Question 1

Central nervous system

Answer 1

compromises of the brain and spinal cord

-main function: to process info recieved from the body’s internal & external environments.

Question 2

Spinal cord: (3)

Answer 2

The long thin budle of nerve tissue that extends from the base of the brain to the lower back; links the brain and parts of the body below the neck

• recieve sensory information from the body (via the peripheral nervous system)
• recieve motor information from the brain and send to relevant parts of the body (via the peripheral nervous system) to control muscles, glands and internal organs so that appropriate actions can be taken.

Question 3

Peripheral Nervous System (3)

Answer 3

Carries information to and from the central nervous
system
-carries information to the cns from the body’s muscles, organs and glands
-carries information from the cns to the body’s muscles, organs and glands

Question 4

Somatic Nervous System

Answer 4

A sub-division of the peripheral nervous
system that carries sensory information to the central nervous system and
motor information from the central nervous system.

Question 5

Sensory information

Answer 5

afferent (incoming information)

Question 6

Motor information

Answer 6

efferent (outgoing information)

Question 7

Autonomic Nervous System (involunary)

Answer 7

A self-regulating sub-division of the peripheral
nervous system that connects the central nervous system to the body’s internal organs and glands, providing feedback to the brain about their activities.

Question 8

Sympathetic NS (part of autonomic system

Answer 8

-controls/activates arousal and fires up for action

A sub-division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body for vigorous activity or to deal with a stressful or threatening situation.

Question 9

Parasympathetic NS (part of the autonomic system)

Answer 9

• returns body to original state after threat has passed

A sub-division of the autonomic nervous system that helps to maintain the internal body environment in a steady, balanced state of normal functioning; calms or restores the body to its normal state of functioning after an extreme emotion subsides or a threat has passed.

Question 10

Conscious Response

Answer 10

A reaction to a sensory stimulus that involves awareness

-voluntary

Question 11

Unconscious Response

Answer 11

A reaction to a sensory stimulus that does not involve awareness; compared with conscious response

Question 12

Spinal reflex

Answer 12

An unconscious, involuntary and automatically occuring response to a certain stimuli, sourced within the spinal cord without any involvement of the brain also called reflex arc

Question 13

Neuron

Answer 13

Is an individual nerve cell that is specialised to recieve, process and or transmit information

Question 14

Sensory neurons

Answer 14

-Some neurons special in transmitting (sending) informatin from sensory receptors, sensory organs

Question 15

Motor Neurons

Answer 15

sending information to cells in body from the CNS

Question 16

Interneurons

Answer 16

links between neurons and carry informartion

Question 17

Dendrite

Answer 17

An extension of a neuron that detects and recieves information from other neurons

Question 18

Axon

Answer 18

A single, tubelike, extension that carries neural information away from the neuron.

Question 19

Myelin

Answer 19

a white, fatty substance(made by up glial cells) that surrounds and insulates the axon.

Question 20

Axon terminals

Answer 20

The end part of an axon where terminal buttons that stores and secrete neurotransmitter are located

Question 21

Synaptic gap

Answer 21

The tiny space between the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron and the dendrite of a post postsynaptic neuron

Question 22

Synapse

Answer 22

The site of communication between adjacent neurons

Question 23

Neurotransmitter

Answer 23

A chemical substance produced by a neuron that carries a message to other neurons

Question 24

excitatory effect

Answer 24

some neroutransmitters stimulate or active postsynapic neurons to perform their function

Question 25

inhibitory effect

Answer 25

other nerurotransmitters block or prevent postsynaptic neurons from firing

Question 26

Glutamate (Glu)

Answer 26

The primary “excitatory” neurotransmitter for information transmission throughout the brain; plays crucial roles in the growth and strengthening of synaptic connections during learning and memory formation.

Question 27

Gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA)

Answer 27

is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the | CNS.

Question 28

Role of GABA

Answer 28

The inhibitory action of GABA counterbalances the excitatory activity of glutamate and vice versa

Question 29

neurotransmission as a lock-key process

Answer 29

-each type of neurotransmitter has a chemically distinct shape

Question 30

Lock and key process

Answer 30

Describes chemical neurotransmission as involving neurotransmitter with a distinctive shape that precisely matches the shap of the receptor site on the postsynaptic neuron where it wil bind

Question 31

Postsynaptic neuron

Answer 31

A postsynaptic neuron can have many different shaped receptors sites on its dendrites and many be able to recieve several different neurotransmitters

Question 32

communication between neurons

Answer 32

- one neuron and another communicate usually a chemical process involving neurotransmitters - communication between neurons can also is electrical

Question 33

Parkinson's disease

Answer 33

a CNS neurodegenerative disorder characteriesed by both motor and non motor symptoms.

Question 34

parkinsons symptoms tmpc

Answer 34

tremor, muscle rigidity, postural instability and cognitive functions

Question 35

The substantia nigra

Answer 35

located in the midbrain | -controls the voluntary movement to be excuted in a smooth and coordinated manner

Question 36

neurons in the substantia nigra produce the neurotransmitter

Answer 36

called dopamine -when substantia nigra is diseased or damaged the amount of dopamine avaliable for motor activity reduces as neurons gradually die

Question 37

Dopamine

Answer 37

A neurotransmitter in the brain | -role of coordinating movment

Question 38

Fewer the neurons

Answer 38

in the substantia nigra, less dopamine produced

Question 39

Impact of reduced dopamine

Answer 39

the primary motor cortex - which executes voluntary movements recieves inadequate information - due to insufficient and imparied activation by dopamine

Question 40

Parkinson's disease symptons progressiveness

Answer 40

- motor symptons begin to appear after extensive neuronal death - only after about 60% is lost motor symptons show - progressive rate - not considered genetic

Question 41

Tremor

Answer 41

is happens when a body part on one side of the body shakes slightly when you're not using it

Question 42

muscle rigidity

Answer 42

- also known as muscle tension - inability of the muscles to relax normally - causing sharp pain

Question 43

non motor symptoms of parkinsons's disease

Answer 43

decrease/loss of sense of smell, sweating and increased sensitivity to temperatures

Question 44

types of medicine to help with motor symptoms

Answer 44

- medication that restores the deficiency of dopamine by increasing it - two types - medication that can be converted into dopamine by neurons - medication that can mimic the role of dopamine