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Science, Technology, and Society > Chapter 2: Western Civilization > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Western Civilization Flashcards

1
Q

fall of the Western Roman Empire and the beginning o the colonial expansion of Western Europe

A

5th Century CE (Middle or Medieval Period)

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2
Q

long barbaric period

A

Dark ages (500 CE to 1000 CE)

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3
Q

During Dark Ages people cannot read and write, except for the members of

A

clergy

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4
Q

During Dark Ages intellectual activity centered on the study

A

Bible and Christian faith

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5
Q

it is the center of learning during 12 century

A

Stadium Generale

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6
Q

Franciscans and the Dominicans and the Political system that dominated

A

University of Scholasticism

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7
Q

a method of learning that places a strong emphasis on platonic reasoning and deduction working within a background of fixed religious dogma and Aristolelian philosophy

A

Christian Scholasticism

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8
Q

an attempt to prove the existence of God and divine purpose through observation of nature and the use of human reason.

A

Natural Theology

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9
Q

maintained that the world of reason and the world of faith had to kept apart.

A

Franciscan John Duns Scotus

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10
Q

proposed the principle of parsimony or Ockham’s Razor a simple theory id preferred to a more complex one.

A

William of Ockham

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11
Q

developed the theory of impetus a concept that anticipated Newtonian Physics and the modern concept of inertia.

A

Jean Buridan

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12
Q

He discussed the study of kinematics and velocity which predated Galileo’s work on falling objects.

A

Thomas Bradwadine

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13
Q

used a logical and mathematical approach to philosophical problems.

A

Oxford Calculators of Merton

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14
Q

he proposed that light color is related before hooked.

A

Nicole Oresme

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15
Q

Power came in 3 main sources

A

human, draft animals, and water.

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16
Q

first instrument of the power revolution and the more efficient draft animal than the ox.

A

Horse

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17
Q

a mill harnessing water and wind power

A

Water mill

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18
Q

type of water mill that flourished first in Northern Europe, a horizontally mounted water wheel driving a pair of grindstones directly without the intervention of gearing.

A

Norse Mill

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19
Q

the most common watermill and can be powered by a stream running underneath or over the wheel.

A

Vertical watermill

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20
Q

first people to use iron plowshares on forested lowlands and rich and heavy wet soils.

A

Teutonic Tribes

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21
Q

An industry where spinning jenny or spinning wheel was introduced.

A

Wooled Cloth Industry

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22
Q

a new craft bought by Teutonic tribe, consist of decomposing animal or vegetable fats by boiling them with a strong alkali.

A

Soap making

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23
Q

appeared in western Europe, consist of a mixture of carbon, sulfur, and saltpeter.

A

Gun powder

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24
Q

molten metal could be poured directly into molds ready to receive it.

A

Blast Furnace

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25
Q

He developed De re metallica (1556), shows techniques of shafting, pumping and of conveying the ore from the mines into trucks, which anticipated the development of railways.

A

Georgius Agricola

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26
Q

the oldest driven by weights and controlled by an oscillating arm engaging with a gear wheel.

A

Mechanical Clock

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27
Q

it is developed by Artois in France, an underground water pressure forces the water up the hole without pumping.

A

Artesian well

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28
Q

ancient branch of natural philosophy

A

Alchemy

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29
Q

the universal solvent

A

alkahest

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30
Q

able to cure any diseases and the development of alkahest

A

panaceas

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31
Q

it involves panaceas and alkahest.

A

Elixir of immortality

32
Q

laid the foundation of Modern Chemistry.

A

Alchemist

33
Q

a pseudoscience that claims to divine information about human affairs and terrestrial by studying the movements and relative position of celestial bodies.

A

Astrology

34
Q

translated Al-khwarizmi book of algebra into latin

A

Robert of Chester

35
Q

Euclid’s Element – translated in a various version by

A

Adelard of Bath, Herman of Carinthia, and Gerard of Cremona.

36
Q

his nickname is Fibonacci and he is the first great medieval mathematician. Moreover, he spread the used of Hindu-Arabic numeral system.

A

Leonardo of Pisa

37
Q

the most important contribution of Leonardo of Pisa to the European Mathematics.

A

Fibonacci Sequence

38
Q

he prescient ideas on the infinite and the infinitesimal

A

Nicholas of Cusa

39
Q

means rebirth

A

Renaissance

40
Q

They are best known for its artistic development and the contributions of such polymaths

A

Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo

41
Q

the most famous artist in renaissance period

A

Michelangelo

42
Q

European used ______with a needle on a pivot.

A

dry compass

43
Q

6 Navigational Instrument during Renaissance (1350-1600)

A
  • Compass
  • Theodolite
  • Astrolabe
  • Jacob’s staff
  • Quadrant
  • Octant
44
Q

introduced German miners to England in order to develop the mineral resources of the country and the results of this was the establishments of brass manufacture.

A

Queen Elizabeth I

45
Q

made the first version of the printing press with movable metal type in Mainz

A

Johannes Gutenberg

46
Q

during this time they produced a sufficient quantity of accurate type to print a Vulgate Bible.

A

Germani in 1455

47
Q

Three men of Mainz

A

Gutenberg
Johann Fust
Peter Schoffer

48
Q

Botany first began in Germany in the early sixteenth century which works by

A

Otto Brunfels and Leonard Fuchs

49
Q

he produced a guide to collecting medical plants that is considered a landmark in the history of natural observation.

A

Leonard Fuchs

50
Q

founder of modern anatomy and her work includes  De humani corporis fabrica (On the Fabric of the Human Body). Which is considered as first great modern work of science, and the foundation of modern biology.

A

Andreas Vesalius

51
Q

he disputed the theory of Aristotle about the universe.

A

Nicolaus Copernicus

52
Q

he worked out of a laboratory provided to him by the King of Denmark who he served as an astrologer, collecting data for over twenty years on the location of the stars and planets which he used to test and revised astronomical theories.

A

Tyco Brache

53
Q

he argued that not only does the Earth move, but so does the sun, and that there is no such thing as a point absolutely at rest in the universe.

A

Giordano Bruno

54
Q

He published this polyhedral-spherist cosmology in his first major astronomical work, Mysterium Cosmographicum (The Cosmographic Mystery).

A

Johannes Kepler

55
Q

he worked as an assistant to Tycho Brache.

A

Johannes Kepler

56
Q

father of observational astronomy”, the “father of modern physics”, the “father of the scientific method”, and the “father of modern science

A

Galileo Galilei

57
Q

Galileo figured out the secret of the invention and made his own ______?

A

spyglass

58
Q

He developed tools, such as the _______ which allowed for magnification and better resolution of objects at great distances, and microscope which allowed scientist to observe the complexity of nature on a smaller scale.

A

Galileo Galilei | Telescope

59
Q

Builds his first reflecting telescope.

A

Isaac Newton

60
Q

who used letters as symbols to represent unknown (numerical) quantities in 1591 and applying this algerabraic method to geometry.

A

Lawyer Francios Viete

61
Q

He Introduced the decimal system of representing fractions

A

Fleming Simon Stevin

62
Q

he established the rules of logarithms.

A

John Naper

63
Q

he presents the modern Cartesian coordinate system.

A

Rene Descartes

64
Q

His first work, Arithmetica Infinitum, set the stage for the invention and development of differential calculus.

A

John Wallis

65
Q

The founder of modern optics

A

Johannes Kepler

66
Q
  • he was first one to investigate the formation of pictures.
  • He was also the first to describe real, virtual, upright and inverted images and magnification; to explain the principles of how a telescope works and to discover and describe the properties of total internal reflection.
A

Johannes Kepler

67
Q

the first to formulate the correct laws of elastic collision and Best known for his wave theory of light.

A

Christiaan Huygens

68
Q

He assumes the existence of a universal type of matter, common to all bodies and divisible into its smallest components, which corresponds to what we all know as “atoms” today

A

Robert Boyle

69
Q

it is common to all bodies and divisible into its smallest components

A

atom

70
Q

put modern chemical science on a firm theoretical basis.

A

Antoine Lavoisier and John Dalton

71
Q

invented the barometer, to measure air pressure.

A

Evangelista Torricelli

72
Q

She explained the results concerning the Torricelli mercury tube, arguing that the presence of matter above certain liquids (spirits) cannot be detected but exist.

A

Blaise Pascal

73
Q

He invented the air pump

A

Otto von Guericke

74
Q

William Harvey broke the beliefs of the Galen who assumed that the blood consisted of two types, one in the ______and the other in the _____

A

vein | arteries

75
Q
  • Founder of Microscopical anatomy and histology & father of physiology and embryology
  • He was the first person to see capillaries in animals
A

Marcello Malpighi

76
Q
  • He questioned the ancient belief of vegetative soul
  • He explained sap pressure in plants
  • demonstrated that every species of plant, and even the parts of a plant, exactly reproduce their own properties in their offspring.
A

Edme Mariotte

77
Q
A

Antoine van Leeuwenhoek

Science, Technology, and Society (5 decks)

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