Chapter 20 - Aerial Apparatus Strategies and Tactics Flashcards
(108 cards)
1
Q
To successfully achieve any of the strategies, firefighters must be able to communicate effectively and perform certain ________.
A
tactics
p 719
2
Q
_________ are the actual procedures and actions taken to successfully carry out strategies.
A
Tactics
p 719
3
Q
Successful communications for aerial operations include the following:
* _____ ____________ Communications
* ____ _______ Communications
* _________ Communications
A
- Pre Arrival
- On Scene
- Tactical
p 720
4
Q
Access to upper levels:
In all cases, the D/O should maximize building _________ and aerial device ________ and use __________ positioning whenever possible.
A
coverage / reach / upwind
p 721
5
Q
When fire conditions do not allow victims to be brought down the _________ stairs or _________ fire escapes, it may be necessary to use an aerial device to get them down.
A
interior / exterior
p 721
6
Q
In an ideal situation, the best rescue approach is made from ___________ on level _______ and without _____________. In this case, the apparatus should be parked so that the aerial device _____________ is upwind of the target.
A
upwind / grade / obstructions / turntable
p 721
7
Q
If possible the D/O should position aerial apparatus used for rescue at the _________ of the building.
A
corner
p 721
8
Q
There are two advantages to positioning on a corner:
1. You can potentially reach victims on _____ _______ of the building
2. You are potentially safer on the corner is a ___________ _________ occurs.
A
two side / structural collapse
p 721
9
Q
Protective hoselines:
The preferred procedure is to use a ______-_______ _____ stream to cool and/or protect the aerial device and personnel while the rescue operation is in progress.
A
wide-angle fog stream
p 722
10
Q
If the victim is to be lifted over the top rail, the D/O should position the apparatus so that the _____________ is directly in line with the target if possible. This placement allows the front of the platform to be positioned ?
A
turntable / squarely in front of the target
p 722
11
Q
If the victim enters the platform through the hinged gate, the turntable must be positioned a little _________ or _________ the target because the platform gates are typically on the side of the platform.
A
forward or behind
p 722
12
Q
Rescue:
Those who are in the greatest amount of real or perceived danger should be given the ___________ priority.
A
highest
p 723
13
Q
Determining which victims are in the most danger is a judgement call made by the ?
A
Incident Commander, truck company officer or aerial apparatus driver/operator
p 723
14
Q
Typically occupants located on or immediately above the _____ _______ will be in the greatest danger. _________ fire conditions will be a strong indicator of which victims are in the worst situation.
A
fire floor / visible
p 723
15
Q
Rescuers should give preference to individuals who are in a __________ state and appear ready to ______ if they do not see that help is imminent.
A
panicked / jump
p 723
16
Q
Rescue
When two or more groups of victims appear to be in the same amount of danger, the ________ of the two groups should have the aerial device extended to them first. In a worse case scenario it is best to rescue the __________ number of people possible, given the time available.
A
larger / largest
p 723
17
Q
Rescue
The __________ priority involves multiple victims who may be located in different parts of the fire building.
A
second
p 723
18
Q
Rescue
The _______ priority involves the remainder of people in the fire area. Remaining groups of victims should be removed in order of the next most ?
A
third / threatened by the hazard
p 723
19
Q
Rescue
The ________ priority is the people in the exposed area. Once all those who appear to be in immediate danger have been removed, other victims who are unable to escape the fire building or exposure by __________ __________ should be evacuated next.
A
fourth / standard methods
p 723
20
Q
Raising the aerial device to a victim:
The best position is one in which the extended and rotated aerial device is _____________ to the objective. In the ____________ position, twisting stresses imposed on the aerial are reduced.
A
perpendicular / perpendicular
p 724
21
Q
If an aerial ladder is designed to be used in the unsupported position, the tip should be placed ?
A
above the target spot according to the manufactures recommendations
p 724
22
Q
When a ladder is extended to the roof at an angle, the beam closest to the building should be ?
A
slightly above the roofline
p 725
23
Q
When maneuvering any aerial device to reach a victim trapped in an elevated position, the aerial device should initially be aimed ?
A
above the victim and then lowered
p 725
24
Q
If the aerial device is raised beneath a panic-stricken victim, the victim may ?
A
jump for the tip of the ladder or platform on approach.
p 725
25
Once an aerial device is in place for a rescue, engaging the ____________ locks is an important step in making the device a rigid structure if so equipped. The _________ locks increase the overall strength of the extended device and greatly reduce the chance of failure.
extension / extension
p 726
26
Rescue from a window:
The tip must be positioned so that the area of the window opening is not ___________.
diminished
p 726
27
Rescue from a window:
When using an aerial ladder, the _______ _____ of the ladder tip should be placed even with the windowsill.
first rung
p 726
28
When using aerial platforms, most fire departments prefer that the platform be placed so that the _____ ______ of the platform is even with the windowsill. This way victims can board directly into the platform, ______ first.
top rung / feet
p 727
29
When removing trapped victims from a roof, the tip of the aerial ladder should be placed so that at least ___ feet extends above the edge of the roof.
6 feet
p 727
30
Rescue from a roof:
Aerial platforms should be placed so that the bottom of the platform is just ?
above and over the edge of the roof
p 727
31
Roof rescue:
When rescuing victims off parapet style roofs, it may be necessary to use ______ ________ to get over the parapet to the aerial device.
roof ladder
p 727
32
The aerial device should only rest against the target if the manufacturer of the aerial device approves ___________ operations.
supported
p 727
33
- Vertical extension of an exterior wall and sometimes an interior fire wall, above the roofline of a building
Parapet Wall
p 727
34
When dealing with parapets, ____________ aerial devices are advantageous over ___________ devices.
articulating / telescoping
p 728
35
- Wire or plastic basket-type litter suitable for transporting patients from locations where a standard litter would not be easily secured, such as a pile of rubble, a structural collapse, or the upper floor of a building; may be used with a harness for lifting.
Stokes Basket
p 728
36
After properly positioning the aerial ladder, at least _____ and preferably _____ firefighters should be assigned to assist victims in boarding and descending the ladder.
one / two
p 728
37
When two or more firefighters are available, one should assist the victim from _________ the __________, while the others remain on the ______ of the ________.
inside the building / tip of the ladder
p 728
38
Small children and adults incapable of climbing down the ladder by themselves will have to be carried or supported. Only use this method as a ?
last resort tactic when all other means of egress have been ruled out
p 729
39
The ______-_____ is best used for a heavier person who is conscious and able to control his or her movements but is not strong enough to descend under his or her own power.
knee-sit
p 730
40
This method is beneficial in that a smaller firefighter can easily carry a heavier person down a ladder ?
knee-sit method
p 730
41
A second method for moving victims down an aerial ladder is to position the victim across ?
the rails of the ladder with the firefighter supporting from below.
p 730
42
Moving victims down an aerial ladder:
A third alternative is the _____-_____-_________ carry. This carry is the most difficult and most risky since the firefighter will only have _____ _______ available for stability while descending the ladder and he or she will be bearing the entire _________ of the victim.
over-the-shoulder / one hand / weight
p 731
43
Using ________ ___________ to move victims is considerably easier than backing them down aerial ladders. However, it is ________ and not suited to ______ evacuations from a single point.
aerial platforms / slower / mass
p 731
44
Moving victims in aerial platforms:
The removal of conscious victims requires at least _____ and preferably _____ firefighters.
one / two
p 732
45
Moving victims with aerial platforms:
A potentially severe and damaging dynamic load can be created when victims _______ into the platform.
jump
p 732
46
Moving victims in an aerial platform:
Unconscious victims -
* ______ firefighters are required to remove unconscious victims
* If the victim is not on a stokes basket, set or lay the victim on the _______ of the platform
* If the victim is in a stokes basket, it may be laid on the _______ if it fits. If it will not fit on the floor, it should be laid across the platform __________ and secured by conventional methods.
* two
* floor
* floor / railings
p 732
47
Lowering a stokes basket using an aerial ladder should be used as a ______ ________ since it is much easier and safer to carry a litter down a stairwell, fire escape, or move it to a safe place of refuge until conditions improve.
last resort
p 732
48
Lowering a stokes basket using an aerial ladder:
The easiest method is to ________ the basket down the ladder using one of two methods.
- If possible slide a litter down the ladder between the __________ of wider ladders
- If the litter does not fit between the rails of the ladder, it should be placed on top of the _____________, _______________ to the ladder.
slide / handrails / handrails / perpendicular
p 734
49
Lowering a stokes basket using an aerial ladder:
Some fire departments use aerial ladders as part of a ______ ________ system.
rope lowering
p 734
50
Rope rescue:
Some aerial devices may be equipped with a ________ ______ that may be used for rescue operations.
lifting eye
p 735
51
Rope rescue:
Most lifting eyes are intended to be used in ______ as a single anchor for a single rescue rope only.
pairs
p 735
52
Rope rescue:
Aerial ladders can be used as a high point anchor only as a ______ _______, and only with experienced, trained and authorized personnel. Do not use the aerial as your means of lifting victims and rescuers; instead use ___________.
last resort / manpower
p 735
53
Rope and hardware used with the lifting eye should be appropriate for the load being lifted, should comply with NFPA _______, and should be rigged by an individual trained in proper rope rescue techniques such as those found in NFPA ______.
NFPA 1983 - Standard on Life Safety Rope and Equipment for Emergency Services / NFPA 1670 - Standard on Operations and Training for Technical Search and Rescue Incidents
p 735
54
Rope rescue:
When lifting objects other than people, if a pulley is provided on the aerial device, the working end of the rope should only be anchored to a ?
lower section of the ladder
p 735
55
Rope rescue:
The __________ ______ of the rope should never be anchored to other parts of the apparatus, to static structures, or to objects on the ground.
working end
p 735
56
Rope rescue:
If the rope is passed through the pulley with the working end anchored to something other than the ladder itself, the load on the device becomes ?
twice the weight of the load on the other end of the rope
p 735
57
Using aerial devices for water rescues:
In general, it is recommended that fire departments ____________ the use of aerial apparatus ( particularly light and medium duty aerial devices) for this type of rescue.
discourage
p 735
58
Using aerial devices for water rescue:
- Safety -
* At water rescue incidents there is often a lack of a suitable location to adequately ___________ the apparatus.
* There is the potential for the aerial device to make contact with _______ ________ ________.
* On aerial devices that have a low tip-load rating when fully extended to a horizontal objective, it is difficult to perform such a rescue without dangerously _____________ the aerial device.
stabilizing / swiftly moving water / overloading
p 736
59
Ventilation:
Although ventilation is very important in terms of the overall combat plan for many fire operations, ventilation operations should not monopolize apparatus or manpower needed for ________ _____________.
rescue operations
p 736-737
60
Ventilation
It is also important to remember that an aerial device is not meant to be a _________ _____ or _________ _______ tool of any kind.
battering ram or forcible entry
p 737
61
When providing access for ventilating a flat roof the D/O should position the aerial apparatus on the __________ side of the structure as close as possible to the area being ____________. This position minimizes the _______ _________ between the work area and the aerial and could be important if the roof fails.
unburned / ventilated / travel distance
p 737
62
Ventilation
Extend the fly sections so that a minimum of ____ feet protrudes over the edge of the roof.
6 feet
p 737
63
Ventilation
When using an elevating platform, the bottom of the platform should be positioned ?
even with or extended slightly over the roofs edge, allowing firefighters to easily exit and enter the platform
p 737
64
Ventilation
It is safer to ladder the tip of the aerial ladder or platform rather than rely on the integrity of the ________ _______.
parapet wall
p 737
65
If firefighters cannot safely operate on the roof or if other conditions warrant a different approach, ____________ or _______ ventilation can be accomplished with aerial devices. A firefighter on the tip of a ladder or in the platform can ________ upper-story windows with a pike pole or similar tool.
horizontal or cross / break
p 737
66
When breaking windows to provide cross ventilation, position the aerial device slightly _________ the window to the _________ side.
above / upwind
p 738
67
___________ __________ streams are most commonly used in defensive operations.
Elevated master
p 738
68
When using an elevated master stream in a ________ attack, the D/O should position the apparatus as much reach into the fire area as possible.
blitz
p 739
69
Blitz attack:
The ultimate goal will be to place the nozzle in the lower portion of the window opening so that the fire stream may be directed ________ toward the ________.
upward / ceiling
p 739
70
Master stream dangers:
When crews are working inside the building, never perform ________ fire attacks using master streams, including from the aerial device.
external
p 739
71
Master stream dangers:
External master stream attacks pose a serious threat to interior fire fighting crews by:
* Disturbing the ________ layers
* Creating large volumes of ________
* The possibility of being struck by the _______
* The additional weight imposed on the building which could result in collapse if water does not drain from the building at approximately the same _______ it is __________.
* thermal
* steam
* stream
* rate / applied
p 739
72
In some cases, the aerial device may be used as a master stream closer to _________ level, especially if the apparatus is equipped with water towers and telescoping aerial platfoms.
ground
p 739
73
Elevated master streams:
A recommended tactic is to direct the master stream at the _________ of the target fire area. This type of attack will penetrate the area without disturbing the __________ __________ and will break the stream into finer water particles upon contact with the ceiling, creating a near perfect atmosphere for ________ __________.
ceiling / thermal layering / steam conversion
p 740
74
Nozzles:
Regardless of the type of nozzle chosen for operation, it is imperative that the nozzle be provided it's rated _______ and __________.
rated flow and pressure
p 740
75
All nozzles lose some effectiveness when they are not discharging their _______ ______. For instance, a 750 gpm fog nozzle discharging 750 gpm will perform more ____________ than a 1000 gpm nozzle flowing 750 gpm.
rated flow / effectively
p 740
76
Fog nozzles provide ________ coverage than solid stream nozzles, and they are able to break up water to allow better _______ conversion.
wider / steam
p 740
77
The drawback to fog nozzles is that they do not provide the ________ and ___________ often needed to reach the seat of an intense fire. Fog streams may also be adversely influenced by atmospheric or fire-created _______.
reach and penetration / winds
p 740
78
In a very intense fire the water from a fog nozzle may be converted to ________ before reaching the seat of the fire. For most defensive or otherwise long-range operations, set the fog stream nozzle to the _________ ________ setting in order to closely emulate the performance of a solid stream nozzle.
steam / straight stream
p 740
79
________ _________ nozzles provide excellent penetration into fire areas. These nozzles can provide the power needed to reach the seat of the fire while allowing the _________ _______ to vent around the stream.
Solid stream / heated gases
p 740
80
Solid streams are not as affected by _______ conditions nor are they as effective for rapid ________ conversion as are fog nozzles.
wind / steam
p 740
81
The best applications for solid streams are reaching fires deeply seated within a __________ or for defensively attacking large, well-developed fires from a relatively ______ _________.
building / long distance
p 740
82
Often a trained firefighter can tell the effectiveness of a stream by the ________ of the water. If water is going into the intended window opening, it will make ______ noise than when hitting the side of the building.
sound / less
p 741
83
Foam streams:
Aerial apparatus can be used to apply large quantities of ______ to flammable and combustible liquid fires including fires in bulk fuel storage tanks, aircraft, industrial facilities or transportation incidents. However, it is generally _____ _________ to discharge aerated foam through an elevated master stream appliance because of high ______ content in the foam that is susceptible to break up from winds or the fires thermal column.
foam / not practical / air
p 741
84
A carefully placed solid or straight master stream from the exterior of the building is often referred to as a _______ ________.
blitz attack
p 741
85
Blitz attacks are often conducted when the fire is on _______ _______ and while firefighters are preparing to _______ the building.
upper stories / enter
p 741
86
- To aggressively attack a fire from the exterior with a large diameter (2 1/2 inch or larger) fire stream.
Blitz Attack
p 741
87
The best way to effect a blitz attack with an elevated master steam is to try to ?
deflect water off the ceiling of the fire room
p 741
88
Blitz attack:
Water deflection can be accomplished by positioning the aerial device so that the nozzle is about even with the _________ of the window. This position allows water to enter the area at an angle of about _____ degrees.
bottom / 30
p 741
89
The water adds weight to the structure at a rate of ______ pounds for every 250 gpm and could contribute to the collapse of an already fire weakened structure.
2000
p 742
90
When elevated master streams are used in a blitz attack, they should only be flowed long enough to ________ _______ the fire. To avoid unnecessary risks of water damage or collapse, handlines should be advanced into the fire area for final __________ and _________ operations.
darken down / extinguishment / overhaul
p 742
91
A more common use of elevated master streams is in __________ operations.
defensive
p 742
92
- Exterior fire attack that is limited to controlling the spread of a fire, with an emphasis on exposure protection.
Defensive Attack
p 742
93
Defensive Attack:
If possible position the apparatus on the _________ side of the building. This allows the master stream to push fire and convection waves away from the __________ portion of the building.
unburned / unburned
p 743
94
Elevated standpipe:
Using the aerial as an exterior standpipe to upper floors is a tactic that can eliminate difficult _____ _____ up interior stairwells. Interior handlines can be provided by removing the nozzle and attaching hose to a _______ ________.
hose lays / gated outlet
p 744
95
Elevated standpipe:
Many aerial devices provide outlets for __________ on the device itself. With these outlets, handlines can be pre-connected and kept in the platform, saving valuable time in setting up for _________ __________ operations.
handlines / interior standpipe
p 744
96
Fire spreads to exposures either by ___________, ___________, or ____________.
conduction, convection, or radiation
p 744
97
Exposure Protection:
Both _______ and _______ weather conditions affect a fires ability to spread to exposures. ______ reduces the potential for fire spread.
current and recent / rain
p 744
98
Exposure Protection:
In severe fire situations the fire itself can create its own wind conditions in the form of more rapid __________ __________.
convection currents
p 745
99
Because __________ heat is transmitted through water, simply directing fire streams into the air between the fire and exposure will not appreciably reduce the chance of the exposure catching fire. Water directly applied on the exposure more effectively absorbs the ______ ________ developing on the exposed surface.
radiated / heat energy
p 746
100
Protection from _____________ fire spread can be accomplished by applying fog streams into the thermal column. Fog streams may reduce the chance of burning ________ traveling through the air and igniting other structures.
convention / embers
p 746
101
Exposure protection:
If only one master stream nozzle is available, the stream should be alternated between the __________ and the ______ __________.
exposure and fire building
p 747
102
In exposure protection operations, ______ __________ nozzle patterns are generally used to cover the involved area.
wide sweeping
p 747
103
Exposure protection:
Do not operate elevated streams in natural ___________ openings at any time. Take care to avoid breaking __________. Broken __________ may result in extensive water damage and could enhance the fires ability to spread inside the exposure.
ventilation / windows / windows
p 748
104
Exposure protection:
Straight or solid streams must be constantly maneuvered to cover the entire __________ of the structure. Because of their powerful velocity, firefighters should exercise particular care with master streams to avoid damaging building ____________ and __________.
surface / components and windows
p 748
105
Before using an aerial device for aircraft rescue what two options should be considered first ?
- use the aircrafts escape chutes or slides at exit door opening if so equipped
- place portable stairs at the exit doors of the aircraft
p 748
106
If the aircraft has come to rest in or near electric lines the D/O should not elevate the aerial device to the aircraft until the ?
utility company can verify that the lines have been de-energized
p 749
107
Aircraft rescue
Aerial devices equipped with thermal imaging cameras can help identify the appropriate location for piercing the ___________.
fuselage
p 749
108
Aircraft rescue:
_____________ nozzles are especially helpful in extinguishing hard-to-reach fires and cargo aircraft fires.
Piercing
p 749
