Chapter 20: Cancer

Question 1

What is the two-hit hypothesis?

Answer 1

Both alleles must be inactivated before a tumor can form. Both copies of this gene must be knocked out to promote malignancy.

Question 2

What are examples of cancer cells?

Answer 2

lack of differentiation, abnormal nuclei, unlimited ability to divide without growth factors, and formed tumors

Question 3

Define metastasis:

Answer 3

cells move to a new location and form secondary tumors. cells move through the blood.

Question 4

Define angiogenesis:

Answer 4

formation of new blood vessels to supply nutrients and oxygen to the cells of the tumor.

Question 5

What is a protooncogene?

Answer 5

promotes the cell cycle and prevents cell death. ex: Cyclin D gene

Question 6

What is a tumor suppressor gene:

Answer 6

inhibits the cell cycle and promotes apoptosis. ez: TP53 gene

Question 7

What is an oncogene?

Answer 7

a mutated gene that causes cancer

Question 8

What occurs with an inactivated/ mutated tumor suppressor gene?

Answer 8

loss of function and promotes cancer. unrestrained cell cycle and apoptosis does not occur.

Question 9

What is cyclin?

Answer 9

protein that promotes cell cycle

Question 10

What is p53?

Answer 10

a protein that decreases/inhibits the cell cycle.

Question 11

What factors distribute to cancer?

Answer 11

Genetics, radiation, tobaccos more, DNA viruses, hazardous chemicals, pesticides.