Chapter 20 - Endocrine System

Question 1

Functions of the endocrine system

Answer 1

Communication, homeostasis, releasing chemical messengers into the blood, works closely with nervous system

Question 2

Hormones

Answer 2

Chemical messengers released by glands into the blood.

Bind receptors on target cells

Question 3

Specificity of hormones

Answer 3

Only get a response at a tissue if the cells of that tissue have receptors that recognize the hormone

Question 4

Neural

Answer 4

Stimulation by autonomic neurons

Question 5

Hormonal

Answer 5

Stimulation by other hormones

Question 6

Humoral

Answer 6

Stimulation by substances (glucose, ions, etc.)

Question 7

Types of hormones

Answer 7

Peptide and steroid

Question 8

Hormone actions

Answer 8

Stimulates DNA in nucleus

Activates 2nd messengers

Question 9

Control center for endocrine system

Answer 9

Hypothalamus

Question 10

What does the hypothalamus release

Answer 10

Releases regulatory hormones to anterior pituitary gland

Question 11

What does the hypothalamus produce?

Answer 11

Produces oxytocin and ADH to be stored in posterior pituitary

Question 12

Why does the hypothalamus regulate?

Answer 12

Regulates AND (adrenal medulla)

Question 13

Pituitary gland

Answer 13

Sella turcica

Connected to hypothalamus via infundibulum

Question 14

Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)

Answer 14

Controlled by hypothalamus

- releasing / inhibiting hormones

Question 15

Growth hormone

Answer 15

Somatotropin; stimulates cell growth and division; stimulates liver to secrete insulin like growth factors

Question 16

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Answer 16

Stimulates release of hormones from thyroid gland

Question 17

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Answer 17

Stimulates release of hormones from adrenal cortex

Question 18

Prolactin

Answer 18

Stimulates milk production and mammary gland growth

Question 19

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Answer 19

Follicle development and estrogen release from ovaries

Sperm production in testes

Question 20

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Answer 20

Stimulates estrogen release from ovaries and ovulation.

Stimulates testosterone release from testes

Question 21

Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)

Answer 21

Stimulates rate of melanin release

Question 22

Antidiuretic hormone

Answer 22

Water retention, vasoconstriction

Question 23

Oxytocin

Answer 23

Female: contraction of uterus during labor, milk ejection
Male: prostate gland secretion

Question 24

Follicular cells

Answer 24

Form follicle

Question 25

The follicular cells make which thyroid hormones

Answer 25

Triiodothyronine (T3) | Thyroxine (T4)

Question 26

What do the hormones triiodothyronine and thyroxine do?

Answer 26

Increase metabolic rate and temperature

Question 27

Parafollicular cells

Answer 27

Produce calcitonin which decreases blood calcium levels

Question 28

The main cells parathyroid gland has

Answer 28

Chief cells

Question 29

What do chief cells secrete

Answer 29

Secrete parathyroid hormone

Question 30

What do chief cells increase

Answer 30

Increase blood calcium

Question 31

2 zones of adrenal glands

Answer 31

Cortex and medulla

Question 32

Cortex

Answer 32

Synthesizes steroid hormones

Question 33

3 regions to the cortex

Answer 33

1. Zona glomerulosa 2. Zona fasciculata 3. Zona reticularis

Question 34

Aldosterone

Answer 34

Mineralcorticoids, retains H2o /sodium

Question 35

Cortisol

Answer 35

Glucocorticoids, maintain blood glucose levels

Question 36

Androgens

Answer 36

Gonadocorticoids, DHEA - can be converted to other hormones

Question 37

I'm the adrenal glands, the medulla secretes which 2 catecholamines?

Answer 37

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 38

Pancreas

Answer 38

Endocrine and exocrine function

Question 39

In which organ are the islets of langerhans

Answer 39

Pancreas

Question 40

Which type of cells does the pancreas have

Answer 40

Alpha cells: glucagon | Beta cells: insulin

Question 41

Pineal gland

Answer 41

Posterior epithelium, secretes melatonin

Question 42

Thymus

Answer 42

Immune function | Stimulates growth of T-lymphocytes

Question 43

Ovaries

Answer 43

Estrogen and progesterone

Question 44

Testes

Answer 44

Testosterone, stimulates protein synthesis

Question 45

Kidneys secrete which 3 hormones

Answer 45

Calcitriol, erythropoietin, renin

Question 46

Erythropoietin stimulates?

Answer 46

Stimulates RBC production

Question 47

Renin stimulates?

Answer 47

RAAS (more shortly)

Question 48

the heart secretes which hormone?

Answer 48

atrial natriuretic peptide

Question 49

atrial natriuretic peptide stimulates?

Answer 49

stimulates water and sodium excretion

Question 50

grave's disease is a common cause of ___.

Answer 50

hyperthyroidism; bulging eyeballs

Question 51

what is acromegaly?

Answer 51

excess growth hormone in adulthood; big heads and weird hands

Question 52

what is gigantism?

Answer 52

excess growth hormone in childhood; long-long bones

Question 53

what is pituitary dwarfism

Answer 53

insufficient growth hormone; epithelial plates sealed, not tall

Question 54

cushing's disease

Answer 54

too much cortisol; central obesity, moon face, buffalo hump

Question 55

addison's disease

Answer 55

too little cortisol; fatigue, weakness, weight loss

Question 56

treatment for type 1 diabetes

Answer 56

insulin injections/insulin pumps

Question 57

treatment for type 2 diabetes

Answer 57

diet and exercise

Question 58

what causes type 2 diabetes

Answer 58

insulin resistance/insufficient insulin; in adults

Question 59

what causes type 1 diabetes

Answer 59

autoimmune disease; insufficient insulin production from pancreas

Question 60

what is autoimmune disease

Answer 60

where the immune system attacks body, beta cells destroy insulin