chapter 20 - organic chemistry Flashcards
(20 cards)
stereoisomerism
different spatial arrangements of atoms in molecules
structural isomerism
atoms and functional groups arranged in different ways
configurational isomerism
a type of stereoisomerism, where isomers can only be converted by breaking covalent bonds
conformational isomerism
a type of stereoisomerism, where isomers can be converted by free rotation around sigma bonds
optical isomerism
a type of configurational isomerism, where isomers have a chiral carbon centre and are non-superimposable mirror images of each other, called enantiomers
cis-trans isomers
a type of configurational isomerism, cis if the same group is on the same side and trans if the same group is on the opposite side of a double or triple bond
E/Z isomers
a type of configurational isomerism, where if the highest priority groups are on the same side, it is a Z isomer
rules of priority of E/Z isomers
- higher Ar = higher priority
- if the Ar is the same, look at the next bonded atom, higher Ar = higher priority
what type of nucleophilic substitution do primary halogenoalkanes go through?
sn2
what type of nucleophilic substitution do secondary halogenoalkanes go through
sn1 and sn2
what type of nucleophilic substitution do tertiary halogenoalkanes go through
sn2
equation for rate of sn2
rate = k [halogenoalkane] [nucleophile]
equation for rate of sn1
rate = k [halogenoalkane]
homolytic fission
covalent bond breaks and electron pair is shared between products
heterolytic fission
covalent bond breaks and electron pair goes to one product
is sn2 front or back attack?
back
is sn1 front or back attack?
front
steric hindrance definition
alkyl groups provide stability to carbon through positive inductive effect for sn1 reactions
sn2 solvent
polar, aprotic
sn1 solvent
polar, protic
