Chapter 20- The Generation Of Biochemical Energy

Question 1

Biochemical processes

Answer 1

Release energy from food gradually

Stored energy must be in the form that is chemically accessible

The correct amount of heat must be released from biochemical reactions to maintain body temp

Release of energy from storage must occur at a carefully controlled rate

Question 2

Citric acid cycle

Answer 2

Citrate
Isocitrate
a-Ketoglutarate
Succinyl-CoA
Succinate
Fumarate 
Malate
Oxaloacetate

Question 3

Exergonic reaction

Answer 3

Spontaneous
Negative G value

Free energy of reactants is greater than products

Question 4

Endergonic reaction

Answer 4

Not spontaneous
Positive G value

Free energy of products is greater than reactants

Question 5

Low-energy molecules

Answer 5

ADP

CO2

NAD+

FAD

Question 6

Mitochondrian

Answer 6

Cellular organelle associated with energy production

Question 7

Spiral metabolic sequence

Answer 7

Same set of enzymes progressively builds up or breaks down a molecule

Question 8

High-energy molecules

Answer 8

ATP

acetyl-SCoA

NADH

FADH2

Question 9

Cyclic pathway

Answer 9

Metabolic pathways in which a series of steps using different enzymes, regenerates one of the early reactants

Question 10

Purpose of Coupling biochemical reactions

Answer 10

Use an exertion if reaction to drive an endergonic reaction

Question 11

acetyl-coenzyme A

Answer 11

Intermediate breakdown of all classes of food molecules

Carries acetyl groups into common pathways of catabolism

Question 12

Oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 12

Conversion of ADP to ATP

Both oxidation and phosphorylation

Question 13

Lactate

Answer 13

Chemical produced from private when it is metabolized in muscle cells under anaerobic conditions

Question 14

Gluconeogenesis

Answer 14

Synthesis of glucose from amino acids, pyruvate , and other non carbohydrates

Question 15

Glycolysis

Converts what?

Occurs where?

What is oxidized? Reduced?

Answer 15

Converses of glucose to pyruvate

Pathway followed by glucose when energy is needed

Occurs in cytosol of cells

Glucose is oxidized and oxygen is reduced

Question 16

Isomerization

Answer 16

Conversion of dihydroxyacetone phosphate to D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

Question 17

Target molecules for a-amylase

Answer 17

Starch and glycogen

Question 18

Oxidation reactions

Answer 18

Citrix acid cycle

Oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl-SCoA

Reaction of reduced coenzymes in the electron transport chain

Glycolysis

Question 19

Spiral pathway

Answer 19

Metabolic pathway in which molecule is progressively built be repeated interaction with the same set of enzymes

Builds up or breaks down molecule

Question 20

Conversion into phosphates

Answer 20

Entry of monosaccharides other than glucose into the glycolysis pathway

Question 21

Pancreatic lipase

Answer 21

Enzymes that hydrolyze lipids

Question 22

Bile salts

Answer 22

Substances that emulsify lipids

Question 23

Every turn of the citric acid cycle produces how many molecules of ATP?

Answer 23

One

Question 24

Fructose classified as

Answer 24

Ketohexose

Question 25

Galactose

Answer 25

Monosaccharide with component milk sugar

Question 26

Glycosidic linkage

Answer 26

Glycoproteins are formed by the oligosaccharide binding to a protein through this linkage

Question 27

Glucose classification

Answer 27

Aldohexose

Question 28

Glycogenesis

Answer 28

Conversion of glucose to glycogen

Question 29

Phosphorylation

Answer 29

First step of glycosides, the conversion of glucose to glucose 6- phosphate

Question 30

1st step of Citric acid cycle

Answer 30

acetyl-SCoA reacts with oxaloacetate to produce citrate which is isomerized to isocitrate in the second step

Question 31

Oxidation of glucose gives

Answer 31

Gluconic acid

Question 32

esertification

Answer 32

Formation of acetyl CoA

Question 33

Which chemical is produced from pyruvate when it is metabolized by yeast cells?

Answer 33

Ethanol

Question 34

During aerobic respiration, molecular oxygen (O2) is used for?

Answer 34

The end of the electron transport chain to accept electrons and form H2O

Question 35

Fermentation

Answer 35

Partial segregation of sugars or other organic fuel that occurs without the use of oxygen

Question 36

Aerobic respiration

Answer 36

Most prevalent and efficient catabolic pathway NAD+ is recycled from NADH by the transfer of electrons in electron transport chain Eukaryotes and prokaryotes

Question 37

anaerobic respiration

Answer 37

Some prokaryotes and other substances other than oxygen as reactants in similar process use chemical energy with out oxygen