chapter 21 and CLI quiz drugs

Question 1

what determines the adequacy of perfusion of the tissues of the body

Answer 1

vascular tone

Question 2

when does ischemia occur

Answer 2

when decreased perfusion leads to an O2 deficit

Question 3

when does hypoxia occur

Answer 3

when there is O2 deprivation despite adequate perfusion

Question 4

what is the common treatment for angina pectoris

Answer 4

nitroglycerin

Question 5

what effect does acetylcholine have when applied directly to de-endothelialized blood vessels

Answer 5

vasoconstriction

Question 6

what effect does acetylcholine have when applied to normally endothelialized vessels

Answer 6

vasodilation

Question 7

what is the main isoform involved with cardiovascular actions and is produced by endothelial cells

Answer 7

ET-1

Question 8

what do ETa receptors on vascular smooth muscle cells mediate

Answer 8

vasoconstriction

Question 9

what does ETb predominately mediate

Answer 9

vasodilation via release of prostacyclin and NO

Question 10

what does activation of alpha1- adrenergic receptors on vascular smooth muscle cells cause

Answer 10

vasoconstriction

Question 11

what does activation of beta2-adrenergic receptors on vascular smooth muscle cells induce

Answer 11

vasodilation

Question 12

what is the equation for blood flow

Answer 12

perfusion pressure/resistance

Question 13

what inhibitors prevent cGMP hydrolysis and thereby promote myosin light chain dephosphorylation, especially in smooth muscle of corpus calcium erosion

Answer 13

cGMP phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors

Question 14

how do calcium channel blockers cause vasodilation

Answer 14

by reducing intracellular calcium concentration

Question 15

what do hydrazine and beta-adrenergic antagonists modulate

Answer 15

vascular tone

Question 16

how can excessive decrease in mean arterial pressure manifest

Answer 16

dizziness, lightheadedness, and occasionally overt syncome

Question 17

what is the half life of NTG

Answer 17

40 minutes

Question 18

what is the half life of isosorbide dinitrate

Answer 18

1 hour

Question 19

what patients are nitrates contraindicated in

Answer 19

patients with hypotension and those with elevated intracranial pressure

Question 20

what is PDE5 prescribed for

Answer 20

erectile dysfunction

Question 21

what patients are PDE5 contraindicated in

Answer 21

those taking organic nitrate vasodilators

Question 22

what do dihydropyridines bind to

Answer 22

N binding site

Question 23

what do benzothiazepine bind to

Answer 23

D binding site

Question 24

what does phenylalkylamines bind to

Answer 24

V binding site

Question 25

where is nifedipine (dihydropyridine) excreted by

Answer 25

kidney

Question 26

where is verapamil (phenylalkylamines) excreted by

Answer 26

kidney

Question 27

where is diltiazem (benzothiazepine) excreted by

Answer 27

liver

Question 28

where is bosentan a competitive inhibitor

Answer 28

at Eta and Ebb receptors

Question 29

what is bosentan approved for use of treatment of

Answer 29

pulmonary hypertension

Question 30

what is the major adverse effect of bosentan

Answer 30

elevation in serum transaminase levels

Question 31

what odes hydrazine appear to prevent

Answer 31

development of nitrate tolerance

Question 32

what does prazosin do

Answer 32

blocks alpha-adrenergic receptors

Question 33

what is the principle use of terazosin

Answer 33

inhibits contraction of nonvascular smooth muscle

Question 34

what is the mechanism of action of aspirin

Answer 34

inhibits platelet cycloxygenase, thereby blocking thromboxane A2, and inhibiting platelet granule release reaction and platelet aggregation

Question 35

what is the mechanism of action of clopidogrel

Answer 35

covalently modify platelet ADP receptor, thereby preventing receptor signaling and irreversibly inhibiting ADP-dependent platelet activation pathway

Question 36

what is the mechanism of action of unfractionated heparin

Answer 36

combines with antithrombin III and inhibits secondary hemostasis via non-selective inactivation of thrombin, factor Xa, IXa, XIa, and XIIa

Question 37

what is the mechanism of action of LMW heparin

Answer 37

combine with antithrombin III and inhibit secondary hemostasis via relatively selective inactivation of factor Xa

Question 38

what is the mechanism of action of t-PA

Answer 38

proteolytically activate plasminogen to form plasmin, which digests fibrin to fibrin degradation products

Question 39

what is the mechanism of action of warfarin

Answer 39

inhibit hepatic epoxide reductase that catalyzes the regeneration of reduced vitamin K, which is required for synthesis of biologically active coagulation factors II, VII, IX and X and anticoagulant proteins C and S