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NURS3313 Adult Health > Chapter 21 Assessment of Cardiovascular Function > Flashcards

Chapter 21 Assessment of Cardiovascular Function Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

Function of the Heart

A

Pump blood to tissues (supplies them w/O2 & other nutrients)

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2
Q

Layers of the Heart (3)

A

Endocardium, Myocardium, & Epicardium

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3
Q

Endocardium

A

Consists of endothelial tissues and lines the inside of the heart and valves

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4
Q

Myocardium

A

Middle layer of the heart composed of muscle fibers & is responsible for the pumping action

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5
Q

Epicardium

A

Exterior layer of the heart

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6
Q

Pericardium

A

A thin, fibrous sac that protects the heart

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7
Q

Pericardial Space

A

The space between the pericardium’s two layers that is filled w/ ~20 mL of fluid
-Lubricates the surface of the heart
-Reduces friction during systole

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8
Q

Diastole

A

All 4 chambers of the heart relax simultaneously, which allows the ventricles to fill in prep for contraction
-Ventricular filling phase

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9
Q

Systole

A

Period of ventricular contraction resulting in ejection of blood from the ventricles into the pulmonary artery & aorta

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10
Q

What comes first? Atrial systole or diastole?

A

Atrial systole comes first, at the end of diastole, followed by ventricular systole

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11
Q

Where does the right side of the heart distribute blood to?

A

The RT side of the heart (RT atrium & RT ventricle) distributes venous blood to the lungs via pulmonary artery for oxygenation

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12
Q

What is the only artery in the body that carries deoxygenated blood?

A

The pulmonary artery

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13
Q

From where does the RT atrium get blood from?

A

Superior vena cava: Head, neck, & upper extremities

Inferior vena cava: Trunk & lower extremities

Coronary sinus: Coronary circulation

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14
Q

Where does the left side of the heart distribute blood to?

A

The LT side of the heart (LT atrium & LT ventricle) distributes oxygenated blood to the remainder of the body via the aorta

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15
Q

Where does the LT atrium receive blood from?

A

Receives oxygenated blood from pulmonary circulation via 4 pulmonary veins

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16
Q

Apical impulse

A

Impulse normally palpated at the 5th intercostal space, LT midclavicular line
-Caused by LT ventricular contraction

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17
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) Valves

A

Separate the atria from the ventricles

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18
Q

Tricuspid Valve

A

Composed of 3 leaflets that separate the RT atrium from the RT ventricle

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19
Q

Mitral/Bicuspid Valve

A

Composed of 2 cusps that lies between the LT atrium from the LT ventricle

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20
Q

Coronary Arteries

A

Supply the heart with blood & nutrients
-LT main coronary (LT descending & circumflex)
-RT main coronary

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21
Q

Where do the coronary arteries originate from?

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A

They originate from the aorta, right above the aortic valve leaflets

22
Q

When are the coronary arteries perfused?

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A

They are perfused during diastole

23
Q

As heart rate increases…

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A

…diastolic time is shortened
-May not allow adequate time for myocardial perfusion

24
Q

Myocardial ischemia

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A

Condition in which heart muscle cells receive less oxygen than required

25
Cardiac Conduction System
Specialized heart cells strategically located throughout the heart that are responsible for methodically generating & coordinating the transmission of electrical impulses to the myocardial cells
26
Automaticity
Ability to initiate an electrical impulse
27
Excitability
Ability to respond to an electrical impulse
28
Conductivity
Ability to transmit an electrical impulse from one cell to another
29
Sinoatrial (SA) Node
Primary pacemaker of the heart
30
Atrioventricular (AV) Node
Secondary pacemaker of the heart
31
Depolarization
Electrical activation of a cell caused by the influx of sodium into the cell while potassium exits the cell
32
Repolarizatoin
Return of the cell to resting state, caused by the reentry of potassium into the cell while sodium exits the cell
33
Phase 0
Cellular depolarization is initiated as (+) ions influx into the cell -Atrial & ventricular myocytes rapidly depolarizes as Na+ moves into the cell via sodium channels -SA & AV node depolarize when Ca+2 enters these cells via slow-calcium channels
34
Phase 1
Early cellular repolarization begins during this phase as K+ exits into intracellular space
35
Phase 2 (Plateu Phase)
Rate of depolarization slows (Ca+2 ions enter intracellular space)
36
Phase 3
Completion of repolarization & return of the cell to its resting state
37
Phase 4
Resting phase before next depolarization
38
Effective Refractory Period
Cell is completely unresponsive to any electrical stimulus -Incapable of initiating an early depolarization
39
Relative Refractory Period
If the electrical stimulus is stronger than normal, the cell may depolarize prematurely
40
Hemodynamic Monitoring
Use of pressure monitoring devices to directly measure cardiovascular function
41
Cardiac Output (CO)
Total amount of blood ejected via one of the ventricles in L/min
42
Formula for Calculating Cardiac Output (CO)
CO = HR X SV
43
Stroke Volume
Amount of blood ejected from one of the ventricles per heartbeat
44
Factors that Affect the Metabolic Demand of Tissues
Exercise, stress, & illness
45
PSNS Heart Rate Control
Branches of the PSNS travel to the SA node via vagus nerve ->Vagus nerve stimulation slows down the HR
46
SNS Heart Rate Control
SNS increases HR via innervation of the beta-1 receptor sites w/in the SA node
47
Baroreceptors
Specialized nerve cells w/in the aortic arch & in both LT & RT carotid arteries
48
Preload
The degree of stretch of the ventricular cardiac muscle fibers at the end of diastole
49
When is the degree of ventricle muscle stretch the highest?
It is highest at the end of diastole
50
As the volume of blood returning to the heart increases...
...muscle fiber stretch also increases -Preload increases ->Results in stronger contractions & greater stroke volume
51
Frank-Starling Law
The greater the initial length or stretch of the sarcomeres (cardiac muscle cells), the greater the degree of shortening occurs
52
What decreases preload?
Reduction in volume of blood returning to the ventricles -Diuresis -Venodilating agents: Nitrates -Excessive blood loss -Dehydration: vomiting, diarrhea, diaphoresis

NURS3313 Adult Health (27 decks)

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