Chapter 21: Blood Vessels and Circulation

Question 1

Angiogram

Answer 1

An x-ray of the blood vessel that becomes visible due to a prior injection of dye into the subject’s bloodstream.

Question 2

Carotid Sinus Massage

Answer 2

A procedure that involves rubbing the large part of the arterial wall at the point where the common carotid artery divides into its two main branches.

Question 3

Intermittent Claudication

Answer 3

A limp that results from cramping leg pain that is typically caused by obstruction of the arteries.

Question 4

Korotkoff Sounds

Answer 4

Distinctive sounds, caused by turbulent arterial blood flow, heard through the stethoscope while measuring blood pressure.

Question 5

Normotensive

Answer 5

Having normal BP

Question 6

Orthostatic Hypotension

Answer 6

A form of low blood pressure that occurs when you stand up form sitting or lying down. It can cause dizziness or a light-headed feeling.

Question 7

Phlebitis

Answer 7

Inflammation of a vein.

Question 8

Raynaud Phenomenon

Answer 8

A condition resulting in the discoloration of the fingers and/or the toes when a person is subjected to changes in temperature or to emotional stress.

Question 9

Sclerotherapy

Answer 9

The treatment of varicose veins in which an irritant is injected to cause inflammation, coagulation of blood, and a narrowing of the blood vessel wall.

Question 10

Sphygmomanometer

Answer 10

A device that measures blood pressure using the inflatable cuff placed around a limb.

Question 11

Syncope

Answer 11

A temporary loss of consciousness due to a sudden drop in blood pressure.

Question 12

Thrill

Answer 12

A vibration felt in a blood vessel that usually occurs due to abnormal blood flow. It is also often noticed at the fistula of a hemodialysis patient.

Question 13

Thrombophlebitis

Answer 13

An inflammation in a vein associated with the formation of a thrombus (clot).

Question 14

Vascular Murmu

Answer 14

Periodic abnormal sounds heard upon auscultation that are produced as a result of turbulent blood flow.

Question 15

White Coat Hypertension

Answer 15

A short-term increase in blood pressure triggered by the sight of medical personnel in which coats or other medical attire.

Question 16

Aneurysm

Answer 16

A weakening in the arterial wall causing an outpouching or enlargement of the artery.

Question 17

Aortic Bodies

Answer 17

Receptors in the aortic arch that are sensitive to changes in oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH levels in the blood.

Question 18

Aortic Sinus

Answer 18

Space between the superior portion of each of the three aortic valve cusps and the dilated portion of the wall of ascending aorta.

Question 19

Artery

Answer 19

A blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart and toward a peripheral capillary.

Question 20

Arterioles

Answer 20

A small arterial branch that delivers blood to capillary network.

Question 21

Atherosclerosis

Answer 21

The formation of fatty plaques in the walls of arteries, restricting blood flow.

Question 22

Autoregulation

Answer 22

Changes in activity that maintain homeostasis in direct response to changes in the local environment; does not require neural or endocrine control.

Question 23

Bainbridge Reflex

Answer 23

The reflexive increase in heart rate after an increase in venous return; due to mechanical and neural factors; also called atrial reflex.

Question 24

Baroreceptor Reflexes

Answer 24

A reflexive change in cardiac activity in response to changes in blood pressure.

Question 25

Blood Pressure (BP)

Answer 25

A force exerted against vessel walls by the blood in the vessels due to the push exerted by cardiac contraction and the elasticity of the vessel walls; usually measured along one of the muscular arteries, with systolic pressure measured during ventricular systole (contraction) and diastole pressure during ventricular diastole (relaxation).

Question 26

Capillary

Answer 26

A small blood vessel, located between an arteriole and a venule, whose thin wall permits the diffusion of gases, nutrients, and wastes between plasma and interstitial fluids.

Question 27

Cardiovascular (CV) Center

Answer 27

Poorly localized area in the reticular formation of the medulla oblongata of the brain; includes cardioacceleratory, cardioinhibitory, and vasomotor centers.

Question 28

Carotid Body

Answer 28

A group of receptors, adjacent to a carotid sinus, that are sensitive to changes in the carbon dioxide levels, pH, and oxygen concentrations of arterial blood.

Question 29

Carotid Sinuses

Answer 29

A dilated segment at the base of the internal carotid artery whose walls contain baroreceptors sensitive to changes in blood pressure.

Question 30

Diastolic Pressure

Answer 30

Pressure measured in the walls of a muscular artery when the left ventricle is in diastole (relaxation).

Question 31

Ductus Arteriosus

Answer 31

A vascular connection between the pulmonary trunk and the aorta that functions throughout fetal life; normally closes at birth or shortly thereafter and persists as the ligamentum arteriosum.

Question 32

Filtration

Answer 32

The movement of a fluid across a membrane whose pores restrict the passage of solutes on the basis of size.

Question 33

Hepatic Portal Veins

Answer 33

The vessel that carries blood from the intestinal capillaries to the sinusoids of the liver.

Question 34

Hypertension (HTN)

Answer 34

Abnormally high blood pressure.

Question 35

Inferior Vena Cava (IVC)

Answer 35

The vein that carries blood from the parts of the body inferior to the heart to the right atrium.

Question 36

Lumen

Answer 36

The central space within a duct or other internal passageway.

Question 37

Net Filtration Pressure (NFP)

Answer 37

The difference between the net hydrostatic pressure and the net osmotic pressure.

Question 38

Osmotic Pressure (OP)

Answer 38

The force of osmotic water movement; the pressure that must be applied to prevent osmosis across a membrane.

Question 39

Respiratory Pump

Answer 39

A mechanism by which changes in the intrapleural pressures during the respiratory cycle assist the venous return to the heart; also called thoracoabdominal pump.

Question 40

Superior Vena Cava (SVC)

Answer 40

The vein that carries blood to the right atrium from parts of the body that are superior to the heart.

Question 41

Systolic Pressure

Answer 41

The peak arterial pressure measured during ventricular systole.

Question 42

Vasoconstriction

Answer 42

A reduction in the diameter of arterioles due to the contraction of smooth muscles in the tunica media; increases peripheral resistance; may occur in response to local factors through the action of hormones, or form the stimulation of the vasomotor center.

Question 43

Vasodilation

Answer 43

An increase in the diameter of arterioles due to the relaxation of smooth muscles in the tunica media; decreases peripheral resistance; may occur in response to local factors through the action of hormones, or after decreased stimulation of the vasomotor center.

Question 44

Vasomotion

Answer 44

Rhythmic changes in the pattern of blood flow through a capillary bed due to the alternate contraction and relaxation of precapillary sphincters.

Question 45

Vein

Answer 45

A blood vessel carrying blood from a capillary bed toward the heart.

Question 46

Venule

Answer 46

Thin-walled veins that receive blood from capillaries.