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Human Anat & Phys. 2 > Chapter 21 Defenses > Flashcards

Chapter 21 Defenses Flashcards

0
Q

External membranes

A

Skin and mucosa

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1
Q

Pathogen

A

Disease carrying microorganism

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2
Q

Lymph tissue guards

A

Tonsils, peyers patches, scattered embedded lymph tissue

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3
Q

Two lines of defense

A

Surface barriers

Internals ellipse and chemical

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4
Q

First line of defense

A

Epidermis and mucosa

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5
Q

Epidermis mechanical barrier

A

Stratified squamous epithelium is impermeable to water

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6
Q

Keratin

A

Resists against acids, bases, bacterial enzymes and toxins

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7
Q

Acid mantle in sweat and sebum is ___ to bacteria

A

Toxic

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8
Q

Mucosa mechanical barrier

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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9
Q

Mucus

A

Traps microbes in the digestive and respiratory tracts

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10
Q

Nasal hairs

A

Filters and traps microbes

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11
Q

Cilia

A

Upper Respitory tract propels debris upwards to keep it away from lower resp. Tract

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12
Q

_____, _____, and ______ wash away microbes and contain lysozyme enzyme which killed microbes

A

Saliva
Sweat
Lacrimal secretions

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13
Q

Gastric juices

A

HCl and protein digesting enzymes kill microbes

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14
Q

Vaginal and urethra acidity inhibits

A

Bacteria and fungi growth

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15
Q

Phagocytes

A

Macrophages and neutrophils

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16
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Cytoplasmic extensions (pseudopods) engulf foreign matter forming a phagosome vacuole. Lysosomes joins up with phagosome and releases digestive enzymes, destroying microbe with release of residual material.

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17
Q

Macrophages

A

Wander free in the Extracellular spaces or are fixed in tissues (monocytes in lung alveoli, microglia in the brain and Kupffer cells in the liver)

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18
Q

Neutrophils

A

Phagocytic; but destroys themselves in the process

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19
Q

Pathogen capsule

A

A complex covering that identifies microbes as foreign. May make some bacteria hard to adhere to, so first needs an opsonizaton

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20
Q

Opsonizaton

A

Coating the pathogen capsule with complement protein or antibodies to aid adherence of phagocytes

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21
Q

Natural killer cells are

A

Nonspecific; Unique lymphocytes

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22
Q

Function of natural killer cells

A

Kills tunors and virus infected body cells

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23
Q

Natural killer cells mode of killing

A

Cytolytic chemicals penetrate invader’s membrane; not by phagocytosis

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24
Parts of anti microbial proteins
Interferons and complement system
25
Interferons
Group of proteins made by WBCs and fibroblasts
26
Viral infected cells send interferon out from infected cells to
Non infected
27
Neighboring cells
Synthesize a chemical that interferes with viral replication
28
Complement system
Group of plasma proteins
29
Cell lysis
Creates stable hole in pathogen membrane
30
Opsonizaton
Coats membrane to aid adherence of phagocytes
31
Inflammation
Stimulates histamine release to enhance inflammation
32
Chemotactic
Attracts phagocytes to the area
33
Inflammation causes
Injury from trauma, heat, chemicals, or infection
34
Purpose of inflammation
Prevent spread, dilute, and dispose of pathogens, healing chemicals into area for time to repair
35
Cardinal signs of inflammation
``` Redness from hyperemia(blood to area) Heat from hyperemia; ups metabolism Swelling(edema) from exudate Pain from pressure, toxins, and chems Sometimes loss of function ```
36
Stages of inflammation (3)
Increased vasodilation and vascular permeability Phagocyte mobilization Tissue repair
37
Fever
Systemic reaction to infection
38
Benefits of low grade fever
Increased metabolism speeds up defense repair reaction rates
39
High fever is
Dangerous because of enzymes
40
Adaptive body defense
Immunities
41
Properties if adaptive defense
Recognizes antigens and acts with either a specific B or T lymphocyte Works with nonspecific defenses Has a memory
42
2 types of immunity
Humoral (antibody mediated) Cellular (Cellmediated)
43
Cellular immunity usually for
Viruses
44
antigens
Non self molecules, mobilized immune response
45
Exogenous vs endogenous
Exo- invading foreign antigen Endo- virus or cancer
46
Immunogenicity
Ability to stimulate an immune response
47
Reactivity
Ability to react with immune system
48
Antigenic determinant
Certain parts bind to a particular antibody
49
Complete antigen
Large molecule; protein or nucleic acid
50
Incomplete antigen (hapten)
Small molecules can bind to hosts own protein, causing to have immunogenicity.
51
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins
Denote self vs nonself and signal immune system when invaders (viruses) hiding in our cells by processing and displaying them
52
Antigen presenting cells
Major initiators of adaptive immunity by engulfing foreign protein and presenting it on it's surface for others (especially T lymphocytes)
53
Cells if immune system
B and T lymphocytes
54
B Lymphocytes
Become immunocompetent in bone marrow; humoral immunity (antibodies)
55
T Lymphocytes
Become immunocompetent in thymus; Cellmediated immunity (cell killing)
56
T Cell mediated response
Target intercellular invaders that antibodies can't get to. Either Helper T or Cytotoxic T
57
Helper T cells (CD4)
Release cytokines to Nonspecific def. - increase macrophages activity Humoral immunity- stimulate B cells to proliferate Cellular immunity- stimulate cytotoxic T cells
58
Cytotoxic T Cells
Attach to and cause lysis (death
59
Suppressor T cells
Release cytokines to prevent activity of both T cells against self
60
Autograft
Same individual translate
61
Allograft
Same species transplant
62
Xenograft
Different species transplant
63
Tissue/antigen cross matching (histocompatibility testing)
Reduce as much self as possible for transplant
64
Immunosuppressive therapy
Suppress reactions to nonself transplants
65
Clinal selection
When antigen challenges a B lymphocyte, it becomes specific vs the microbe and multiples rapidly to either plasma or memory cells
66
Plasma cells vs memory cells
Plasma makes the antibodies Memory cells speed up response next time microbe is met
67
Lag period of primary immune response
3-6 days. Antibodies peak at 10
68
Secondary response lag period
Hours, antibodies peak in 2 days
69
Antibodies function
Can't destroy antigens themselves but can inactivate them and tag them by forming Ag-Ab complexes
70
Neutralization
Ab binds to Ag sites preventing bacteria or virus from targeting host cell
71
Agglutination
Invader cells are cross linked
72
Precipitation
Ab cross links soluble chemicals
73
Antibody classes
``` IgM IgA IgD IgG IGE ```
74
IgA
Found in body secretions; protect mucosa and skin
75
IgG
Most plentiful Ab; main antibody in lymph and blood
76
IgE
Cause tissue mast cells and basophils to release histamine mediating allergic reactions
77
AIDs
From HIV virus, attacks helper T cells causing opportunistic infections
78
Lymphoma
Lymph node cancer, depress lymph cell functions
79
Hypersensitivity
Immune system overprotects vs relatively harmless substances

Human Anat & Phys. 2 (5 decks)

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