Chapter 21: General and Special Senses

Question 1

What are General senses

Answer 1

Temperature
Pain
Touch
Pressure
Vibration
Proprioception

Question 2

What are Special senses

Answer 2

Smell
Taste
Balance
Hearing
Vision

Sense Organs
- Eyes, Ears, and taste buds

Question 3

What are Free nerve endings

Answer 3

Simplest receptors

Question 4

What are large receptor fields

Answer 4

They have receptor fields spread far apart, which makes it difficult to localize a stimulus

Question 5

What are small receptive fields

Answer 5

They have receptors close together, which makes it easy to localize a stimulus

Question 6

What are Tonic receptors

Answer 6

They adapt very slowly or not at all

Examples:

Photoreceptors of the eye, Nociceptors and receptors that constantly monitor body position

Question 7

What are Phasic receptors

Answer 7

Fast- adapting

Example: Touch and pressure receptors of the skin, smell of the nose

Question 8

Classification of the general senses based on sensory location

Answer 8

Exteroceptors
- Provide information about the external environment

Proprioceptors
- Provide information about the position of the body

Interceptors
- Provide information about the inside of the body

Question 9

Classification based on nature of the stimulus

Answer 9

Mechanoreceptors
- Sensitive to stretch, compression, twisting, or distortion of the cell membrane

Thermoreceptors
- Respond to changes in temperature

Nociceptors
- Respond to the sensation of pain

Chemoreceptors
- Monitor the chemical composition of body fluids

Question 10

How many Mechanoreceptors do we have

Answer 10

Tactile receptors
Baroreceptors
Proprioceptors

Question 11

Free nerve endings are

Answer 11

Common in the Dermis
Sensitive to light contact with the skin

Question 12

Root hair plexus are

Answer 12

Associated with hair follicles
Monitors distortions and movement of hairs on the body surface

Question 13

Tactile disc are

Answer 13

Free nerve endings synapse with Merkel cells
in the stratum basale of the epidermis
Sensitive to light contact with skin

Question 14

What are Barorecptors

Answer 14

Stretch receptors that monitor changes in the stretch of organs due to pressure

Question 15

What are proprioceptors

Answer 15

Monitor the position of joints

Question 16

Thermoreceptors are

Answer 16

Found in the Dermis
Exist as free nerve endings
These are Phasic receptors

Question 17

What is Gustation

Answer 17

It is taste, it provides information about foods and liquids that we consume

Question 18

Taste Buds contain

Answer 18

Gustatory epithelial cells and basal cells

Gustatory primary taste sensations is sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami

Question 19

What nerves are in Gustation (Taste)

Answer 19

Facial nerve (Vll) is 2/3 on the tongue
Then we have
Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) posterior 3rd of the tongue

Question 20

Taste information goes from the

Answer 20

Goes from our tongue–> thalamus—> gustatory cortex ( this cortex is is located in the cerebrum cortex)

Question 21

If someone loses their sense of taste what could have been affected

Answer 21

Facial nerve (VII) damage
Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) damage
Could indicate brain damage
Damage in the tongue or taste buds itself

Question 22

What percentage of our sensory information goes to the thalamus

Answer 22

95% of it goes to our thalamus
5% that does NOT is Olfactory (l)

Question 23

Where does smell go

Answer 23

Directly to the olfactory cortex

Question 24

Vision sensation is detected by receptors for vision that are located on the posterior part of the eyeball. Those receptors are called

Answer 24

Photoreceptors

Question 25

What do eyelashes prevent

Answer 25

Eyelashes prevent foreign objects from hitting the eyeball Also have Root Hair Plexus which helps us with blinking reflex

Question 26

What is Palpebral (Eyelid)

Answer 26

Helps to wash debris across the surface of our eye

Question 27

What are lacrimal Apparatus

Answer 27

They are tears they are always active even if we are not crying, it is still producing tears to LUBRICATE the eyeball

Question 28

What is the IRIS of the eye

Answer 28

The iris is the pigmented smooth muscle of the eye Also has an opening in the center of the eye called the PUPIL

Question 29

What is Pupil

Answer 29

It is a hole, a space in the eye that can change size when the Iris contracts or relaxed

Question 30

When a pupil can enlarge that is called

Answer 30

Dilation

Question 31

When a pupil can shrink

Answer 31

Constrict

Question 32

If we are in a Bright place our pupils will

Answer 32

Constrict (Shrink)

Question 33

If we are in a DARK place our pupils will

Answer 33

Dilate (Enlarge) They will dilate so they can let the maximize amount of light inside our eye

Question 34

The eye has 3 main layers

Answer 34

1. Fibrous Layer 2. Vascular Layer 3. Inner Layer

Question 35

What is the Fibrous layer made up of

Answer 35

It is made up of the Cornea and the Sclera The cornea provides some degree of protection, it is also a point of attachment for the extrinsic eye muscle that moves the eye ball

Question 36

What is the Vascular Layer

Answer 36

Deeper in our eyeball, has the Iris, also ahs the ciliary body smooth muscle that helps control the shape of the lenses

Question 37

What means full of blood vessels, helps to nourish the Retina, and helps to cool down the eyeball

Answer 37

The Choroid

Question 38

Located even deeper is the Inner layer which has the

Answer 38

Retina= has a pigmented layer and neural layer Pigmented layers have a lot of Melanocytes involved in absorbing light

Question 39

What are Rods (Night)

Answer 39

Rods are involved in black and white vision - Helps better see things at night, let us see gray vision

Question 40

What are cones (color) (HD)

Answer 40

Cones allow us to see color Provide a high degree of resolution, sharpness of image Utilized in the day light where we can see color

Question 41

In the Retina we also find

Answer 41

Bipolar cells, Ganglion cells, Amacrine cells All involved in processing visual information and refining the information before it is sent to the brain

Question 42

Where we have the sharpest vision, the highest resolution possible is called

Answer 42

Fovea Centralis

Question 43

What percentage of visual information goes to the Thalamus

Answer 43

75% goes to the thalamus, from there it goes to the primary visual cortex where we become conscious of the visual information

Question 44

What percentage of our visual information goes to the mesome seprils

Answer 44

25% called Superior colliculus

Question 45

The External ear contains the

Answer 45

Auricle, external acoustic meatus, and external side of tympanic membrane