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Biology 21/24 > Chapter 21: Intro to Animal Physiology > Flashcards

Chapter 21: Intro to Animal Physiology Flashcards

(96 cards)

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1
Q

the organization of animal bodies is

A

cell, tissue, organ, and organ system

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2
Q

types of animal tissue

A

connective, epithelial, muscle, and nervous system

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3
Q

connective tissues

A

provide structure and support, anchors cells, and regulates communication between cells

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4
Q

connective tissue structures contain

A

a jelly-like substance called a matrix that surrounds material and contains protein. also contains fibroblasts that produce collagen and elastin.

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5
Q

muscle tissue

A

has cells that contract and generates movement, pumps fluid, and move substances

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6
Q

nervous system

A

send and receive electrical signals from cells while storing information

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7
Q

types of connective tissue proper

A

loose and dense connective tissue

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8
Q

loose connective tissue

A

semi-fluid that cushions and lubricates other tissues. examples of this is fat tissue

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9
Q

dense connective tissue

A

matrix tightly packed with collagen fibers. connects bones to muscles. examples are tendons and ligaments

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10
Q

special connective tissues are

A

bone, cartilage, and blood

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11
Q

functions of epithelial tissue

A

protection, import/export, and secretion

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12
Q

epithelium is

A

a sheet-like tissue that separates different parts of the body

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13
Q

protection

A

acts as a barrier in and out of the organism and keep fluids from leaking out

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14
Q

the 3 types of muscle tissues are

A

skeletal, smooth, and cardiac

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15
Q

skeletal muscle

A

generates movement in animals that can be conscious and unconscious control

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16
Q

cardiac

A

a muscle in the heart that pumps blood through the body under unconscious control

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17
Q

smooth muscle

A

slow contractions that gradually moves food and other substances through the body under unconscious control

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18
Q

neurons

A

cells that can receive and transmit signals

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19
Q

dendrites

A

receive signals from external environment

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20
Q

cell body

A

contains nucleus and other cellular mechinery

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21
Q

axon

A

single projection from cell body that transmits impulses away from cell body

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22
Q

glial cells

A

helps insulate, protect, and nourish neurons

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23
Q

organs

A

perform a specific function and is made up of different types of tissue

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24
Q

organ system

A

organs that work together to perform a few relates functions involving growth, reproduction, development, and maintenance

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25
digestive system
breaks down and absorbs food so body can get the functions it needs
26
circulatory system
moves nutrients and respiratory gases to tissues to take out wastes from tissues
27
respiratory system
has site for gas exchange between the external environment and circulatory system
28
reproductive system (male)
makes sperm and delivers them to the female reproductive system
29
reproductive system (females)
produces eggs and provides environment for them to nurture a embryo and fetus
30
the immune and lymphatic system
attacks pathogens that can threaten the body and recycles fluid that leaks from the circulatory system
31
endocrine system
regulates body activities by releasing hormones
32
integumentary system
provides protection by forming barriers in and out of an organism. aid in secretion and transportation of molecules
33
skeletal system
supports and protects the body and its internal organs, manufactures blood cells, and provides a surface for muscle attachment
34
nervous system
act as control center of the body and interprets, store, and transmits information
35
urinary/excretory system
purifies the blood by filtering out wastes and transports them out the body
36
muscular system
generates force through contraction that enables movement of the body and other substances throughout the body
37
homeostasis
maintain a constant internal environment and if not maintained it can lead to multiple problems
38
single-celled organisms
easy access to food and oxygen and take out waste across the plasma membrane
39
multicellular organisms
cell/tissue are highly dependent on the internal environment. the extracellular fluid fills spaces between cells
40
negative feedback
returns the system back to set point
41
positive feedback
allows further deviation from the set point
42
feedforward feedback
causes a change in set point
43
regulate
organism has set point and maintains the variable withing a consistent range around that point
44
conform
an organism that has no set point and the variable fluctuates depending on the external environment
45
positive feedback system
found in the body and causes an increase or acceleration of the change
46
thermoregulation
animal can modify its behavior or physiology in order to maintain a range of body temp
47
temperature effects are
rates of biochemical reaction, protein structure and function, and rates of diffusion
48
endotherms
generates heat internally and regulates blood flow while adjusting metabolism rate
49
ectotherms
gets heat from the environment and maintains body temp through behavior
50
endotherms vs. ectotherms
effect of environmental temp on metabolic rate
51
thermoneutral zone
range of temp in endotherms which no energy is needed ti maintain body temp
52
hibernation
they reduce metabolic activity when an animal's body temperature drops. animals use this time to conserve their energy when food isn't available.
53
homeotherms
animals maintain a relatively constant body temp
54
heterotherms
animal's body temp fluctuates depending on the environment's temperature
55
methods for regulating body temperature
physical, behavioral, and physiological meathods
56
where do animals regulate blood flow?
to the skin to regulate body temperature
57
where is the thermostat located?
its located in the hypothalamus
58
what happens when there is an increase in body temperature?
there is a dilation of blood vessels and sweating or panting occurs
59
what happens when there is a decrease in body temperature?
there is a constriction of blood vessels and shivering occurs
60
what is hyperthermia?
when body temp is too high and heat exhaustion or heat stroke occurs
61
what is hypothermia?
where body temp is too low
62
osmoregulation
regulation of water balance by controlling concentration of dissolved solutes that influence osmosis
63
how is water gained by animals?
its gained by drinking, eating, osmosis, and cellular respiration
64
how is water lost by animals?
urination, defecation, evaporation,and osmosis
65
osmosis
movement of water from areas of low solute to areas of high solute concentration
66
osmoconformers
organisms that let the composition of their body fluids reflect that of their environment. most invertebrates living in salt water are this.
67
osmoregulation
where organisms maintain their fluids and solute concentrations within narrow ranges. most vertebrates living in saltwater or freshwater and terrestrial organisms are this.
68
malpighian tubules
small tubules extend from the gut and use active transport to pump ions out. also excrete waste products as feces, found in insects
69
what structures regulate water balance?
kidneys and malpighian tubules
70
kidneys
filters blood removes waste to regulate organisms' water balance
71
freshwater fish
cells are hypertonic to environment and kidneys function to rid of excess water by producing large amounts of urine
72
saltwater fish
cells are hypotonic to environment and kidneys function to save water
73
regulating water balance involves
filtration, reabsorption, and excretion
74
blood gets filtered
400 times a day
75
the 2 components of the nephron is
the tubules and mass of blood vessels
76
step 1: filtration has
the glomerulus which is the mass of capillaries that filter blood and the Bowmans capsule that surrounds the glomerulus that captures the filtrate
77
step 2: reabsorption
filtrate as water, nutrients, and some ions are reabsorbed. the complex process has sodium ions that are pumped out of the tubule and chloride ions and water follow.
78
loop of Henle
which is in step 2 of reabsorption, a portion of the tubule that loops down into the inner part of the kidney
78
loop of Henle
which is in step 2 of reabsorption, a portion of the tubule that loops down into the inner part of the kidney
79
what happens when solute concentration outside the loop of Henle increases? (step 2)
more water moves out of the tubule and filtrate becomes more concentrated
80
what happens when filtrate moves back toward the cortex?
salt is reabsorbed and filtrate becomes less concentrated
81
in the later part of reabsorption, the filtrate now moves into the
collecting duct where additional water is reabsorbed as it passes back through the inner kidney
82
Step 3: excretion
it's the excretion of urine and only contains some water and substances that is not needed in the body
83
kidneys remove
nitrogen wastes
84
nitrogen-containing compounds
produced from the breakdown of proteins and nucleic acids in the form of ammonia
85
the 3 forms of nitrogenous wastes are
ammonia, urea, and uric acid
86
drug-screening urinalysis test for...
the presence of metabolites that result from the breakdown of drugs and not the actual drug itself
87
groups of cells with similar structures, along with some products of those cells form
tissue
88
what is the correct hierarchy of organization, from least complex to most complex?
cell, tissue, organ, organ system
89
what is not a major type of tissue in the adult animal body?
bone
90
what is under conscious control?
skeletal muscle
91
what makes one type of connective tissue different from another?
the extracellular matrix
92
the increased frequency and intensity of uterine contraction during childbirth is an example of
positive feedback
93
what mechanism of heat exchange involves liquid?
evaporation
94
which of the following would be a response to a drop in body temp?
constriction of blood vessels and shivering
95
which of the reactions to a change in temperature requires energy?
sweating and shivering

Biology 21/24 (2 decks)

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