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PSIO 202 4 Endocrine > Chapter 21: Introduction > Flashcards

Chapter 21: Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

encased endocrine glands

A 
pituitary
thyroid
parathyroid
adrenal 
pineal
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2
Q

Other Organs/tissues that CONTAIN endocrine cells

A 
hypothalamus 
thymus
pancreas
ovaries/testes
Kidneys, Liver, Stomach, Heart, Skin, adipose tissue
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3
Q

Endocrine

A

secrete products into INTERSTITIAL FLUID
diffuse into blood
DO NOT deliver directly to blood.

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4
Q

Exocrine

A

secrete products into DUCTS or LUMENS or outer surface of the body (skin)

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5
Q

mediator molecules

A

release in one part of the body that regulates activity of other parts of the body
Local
Circulating

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6
Q

Local Hormones

A

act on neighboring or same cells WITHOUT entering the blood stream. Autocrine or paracrine

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7
Q

Paracrine

A

signal to neighboring cell

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8
Q

Autocrine

A

signal to the same cell

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9
Q

Examples of Local Hormones

A

IL-2: released from helper T to stim prolif of helper T and activation of cytotoxic T cells
HISTAMINE: released by mast cells stimulate HCl secretion from parietal cells in stomach

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10
Q

circulating hormones

A

Enter interstitial fluid and then the bloodstream

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11
Q

Lipid Soluble circulating hormones

A

bound to transport proteins (to trick blood into thinking its water soluble)

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12
Q

water soluble circulating hormones

A

free (just go)

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13
Q

Steroid hormones characteristics

A

derived from cholesterol (4 rings)

chem groups attached to core makes it unique

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14
Q

examples of steroid hormones

A 
cortisol
testosterone
estrogens
progesterone
aldosterone
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15
Q

Thyroid hormones characteristics

A

tyrosine rings with attached iodines

very lipid soluble *to get through cells easilt

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16
Q

Nitric Oxide

A

hormones and neurotransmitters

GAS!!!!!

17
Q

Pepties and protein hormones

A

chains of amino acids

hypothalamic release and inhibit hormones

18
Q

Peptides and proteins hormones examples

A

ADH, oxytocin, hGH, TSH, ACTH, insulin
glucagon
EPO

19
Q

Biogenic amines

A

modified amino acids

20
Q

biogenic amines examples

A

catecholamines: NE, epi, dopamine
Serotonin
melatonin
histamine

21
Q

Eicosanoids

A

derived from arachiodinic acid (20 carbon FA)

22
Q

eicosanoids examples

A

prostaglandins and leukotrienes

local hormones

23
Q

functions of hormones

A 
regulate:
ECF
metabolism
biological clock (times)
contraction of cardiac and smooth muscle
glandular secretion
some immune functions
growth and development
reproduction
24
Q

second messangers: Water solluble hormones

A

bind to cell surface receptors and influence production of intracellular second messangers

25
Q

Hormones and second messangers

A

hormones may increase or decrease level of second messanger

same hormone can use different second messangers in different target cells. Like Norepi

26
Q

examples of second messangers

A

cAMP
calcium ions
cGMP

27
Q

second messanger action

A

initiate cascade of biochem reactions, often involving phosphorylation or dephosphorylation inside target cell

28
Q

hormone receptors

A

Hormones only affect target cells with the right intracellular protein receptors

29
Q

Hormones bind to…

A

either surface receptors or receptors inside cell

30
Q

Steroid hormone action

A

receptor is intracellular

changes levels of specific gene expression

31
Q

example of steroid hormone

A

cortisol (stress hormones)

attaches to DNA, makes RNA carry a new message

32
Q

lipid soluble hormones

A

diffuse through bilayer int cell, binds to receptor inside cell

33
Q

water soluble receptors

A

a part of the plasma membrane

34
Q

cell respond via

A

synth of new molecs
change in membrane permeability
altered reaction rates

35
Q

different target cells responding to the same hormone

A

can respond differently

36
Q

How insulin affects hepatocytes

A

stimulates GLYCOGEN synth

37
Q

how insulin affects adiposcytes

A

insulin stims TRIGLYCERIDe synth

38
Q

Peptide Hormone action

A 
bind to cell surface receptors
evoke changes in activity of EXISTING proteins
SECOND messenger (like cAMP)
39
Q

peptide hormone and second messangers

A

change phosphorylation state of EXISTING proteins

hormones never get in cell, they just bind to outside then the cell does stuff

PSIO 202 4 Endocrine (1 decks)

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