Chapter 21: Introduction

Question 1

encased endocrine glands

Answer 1

pituitary
thyroid
parathyroid
adrenal 
pineal

Question 2

Other Organs/tissues that CONTAIN endocrine cells

Answer 2

hypothalamus 
thymus
pancreas
ovaries/testes
Kidneys, Liver, Stomach, Heart, Skin, adipose tissue

Question 3

Endocrine

Answer 3

secrete products into INTERSTITIAL FLUID
diffuse into blood
DO NOT deliver directly to blood.

Question 4

Exocrine

Answer 4

secrete products into DUCTS or LUMENS or outer surface of the body (skin)

Question 5

mediator molecules

Answer 5

release in one part of the body that regulates activity of other parts of the body
Local
Circulating

Question 6

Local Hormones

Answer 6

act on neighboring or same cells WITHOUT entering the blood stream. Autocrine or paracrine

Question 7

Paracrine

Answer 7

signal to neighboring cell

Question 8

Autocrine

Answer 8

signal to the same cell

Question 9

Examples of Local Hormones

Answer 9

IL-2: released from helper T to stim prolif of helper T and activation of cytotoxic T cells
HISTAMINE: released by mast cells stimulate HCl secretion from parietal cells in stomach

Question 10

circulating hormones

Answer 10

Enter interstitial fluid and then the bloodstream

Question 11

Lipid Soluble circulating hormones

Answer 11

bound to transport proteins (to trick blood into thinking its water soluble)

Question 12

water soluble circulating hormones

Answer 12

free (just go)

Question 13

Steroid hormones characteristics

Answer 13

derived from cholesterol (4 rings)

chem groups attached to core makes it unique

Question 14

examples of steroid hormones

Answer 14

cortisol
testosterone
estrogens
progesterone
aldosterone

Question 15

Thyroid hormones characteristics

Answer 15

tyrosine rings with attached iodines

very lipid soluble *to get through cells easilt

Question 16

Nitric Oxide

Answer 16

hormones and neurotransmitters

GAS!!!!!

Question 17

Pepties and protein hormones

Answer 17

chains of amino acids

hypothalamic release and inhibit hormones

Question 18

Peptides and proteins hormones examples

Answer 18

ADH, oxytocin, hGH, TSH, ACTH, insulin
glucagon
EPO

Question 19

Biogenic amines

Answer 19

modified amino acids

Question 20

biogenic amines examples

Answer 20

catecholamines: NE, epi, dopamine
Serotonin
melatonin
histamine

Question 21

Eicosanoids

Answer 21

derived from arachiodinic acid (20 carbon FA)

Question 22

eicosanoids examples

Answer 22

prostaglandins and leukotrienes

local hormones

Question 23

functions of hormones

Answer 23

regulate:
ECF
metabolism
biological clock (times)
contraction of cardiac and smooth muscle
glandular secretion
some immune functions
growth and development
reproduction

Question 24

second messangers: Water solluble hormones

Answer 24

bind to cell surface receptors and influence production of intracellular second messangers

Question 25

Hormones and second messangers

Answer 25

hormones may increase or decrease level of second messanger | same hormone can use different second messangers in different target cells. Like Norepi

Question 26

examples of second messangers

Answer 26

cAMP calcium ions cGMP

Question 27

second messanger action

Answer 27

initiate cascade of biochem reactions, often involving phosphorylation or dephosphorylation inside target cell

Question 28

hormone receptors

Answer 28

Hormones only affect target cells with the right intracellular protein receptors

Question 29

Hormones bind to...

Answer 29

either surface receptors or receptors inside cell

Question 30

Steroid hormone action

Answer 30

receptor is intracellular | changes levels of specific gene expression

Question 31

example of steroid hormone

Answer 31

cortisol (stress hormones) | attaches to DNA, makes RNA carry a new message

Question 32

lipid soluble hormones

Answer 32

diffuse through bilayer int cell, binds to receptor inside cell

Question 33

water soluble receptors

Answer 33

a part of the plasma membrane

Question 34

cell respond via

Answer 34

synth of new molecs change in membrane permeability altered reaction rates

Question 35

different target cells responding to the same hormone

Answer 35

can respond differently

Question 36

How insulin affects hepatocytes

Answer 36

stimulates GLYCOGEN synth

Question 37

how insulin affects adiposcytes

Answer 37

insulin stims TRIGLYCERIDe synth

Question 38

Peptide Hormone action

Answer 38

``` bind to cell surface receptors evoke changes in activity of EXISTING proteins SECOND messenger (like cAMP) ```

Question 39

peptide hormone and second messangers

Answer 39

change phosphorylation state of EXISTING proteins hormones never get in cell, they just bind to outside then the cell does stuff