Chapter 21 Protist evolution and Diversity

Question 1

What is the nutrition type for Algae?

Answer 1

photosynthetic

Question 2

What is the nutrition type of Protozoans?

Answer 2

heterotrophic

Question 3

What does the word protozoan mean? (proto meaning what? zoan meaning what?

Answer 3

proto → early

zoan → animal

Question 4

What is the most common form of reproduction among protist?

Answer 4

Asexual reproduction

Question 5

When do protists typically undego sexual reproduction?

Answer 5

unfavorable environments (high temperatures, acidity, etc)

Question 6

Why would protists undego sexual reproduction is asexual reproduction is generally easier?

Answer 6

genetic diversity increase survival rate

Question 7

What are photoautotrophs and why are they important?

Answer 7

They produce oxygen and form as the foundation of foodchain is fresh/saltwater ecosystem

Question 8

What are plankton and their importance?

Answer 8

Plankton are photoautotrophs suspended in water

Serve as food for heterotrophic protists and animnals (eaten by whales the largest animal)

Question 9

Are protists monophyletic or polyphyletic and what does it mean?

Answer 9

Protists are polyphyletic meaning that protists come from various evolutionary lineages

Question 10

What makes the Excavata supergroup unique?

Answer 10

Atypical or absent mitochondria

flagella and/or excavated feeding groove

Question 11

Characteristics between diplomonad and parabasalids?

Answer 11

Single-celled endosymbionts

Lack mitochondria- so fermentation is used

Question 12

Unique characteristic of Diplomonad? Supergroup it belongs to?

Answer 12

2 nuclei and two sets of flagella

Excavata

Question 13

What disease is caused by Diplomonads?

Answer 13

Giardia Lamblia - causes severe diarrhea

Question 14

What is the unique characteristic of Parabasalids? Supergroup?

Answer 14

unique flagella fibrous connection between golgi apparatus

Excavata

Question 15

Unique characteristics of Euglenozoans? Supergroup?

Answer 15

no cell wall, protein covering

Excavata

Question 16

Unique characteristic of kinetoplastids? Supergroup?

Answer 16

Kinetoplast: large mass DNA in mitochondria

Excavata

Question 17

What supergroup doe Eulglenids belong to?

Answer 17

Excavata

Question 17

What are tryanosomes and what disease do they cause?

Answer 17

Tryanosomes are parasites of kinetoplastid

Question 18

What source of energy do Euglenids use? What are some unique characteristics?

Answer 18

They’re mixotrophic. Have flagella, pellicle and an eyespot

Question 19

What are the unique characteristics of Alveolates? Which supergroup do they belong to?

Answer 19

alveoli (air sacs) beneath plasma membrane

single-cellular

Question 19

Unique characteristics of dinoflagellates? Which clade and supergroup do they belong to?

Answer 19

2 flagella in groves of cellulose plate- one acts as rudder, the other causes the cell to spin as it moves forward

Alveolates/ Chromalveolata

Question 20

What is the term for endosymbiont dinoflagellate?

Answer 20

zooxanthellae

Question 21

What species of dinoflagellate causes red tide? and what are the symtoms?

Answer 21

alexandrium catanella

causes respiratory paralysis in humans

Question 21

What disease is caused by Plasmodium spp? How is it transmitted? Clade?

Answer 21

Malaria/transmitted by mosquitoes. Infects blood cells

Apicomplexans

Question 22

Characteristics of Apicomplexans? Which diseases does it cause? Clade?

Answer 22

non-motile spore-forming parasites of animals apicoplast- organelle that penetrates host cell causes malaria in humans Alveolate

Question 23

Characteristics of brown algae? Clade?

Answer 23

multicellular with carotenoid pigments found in colder ocean waters near rocky costs some small some larger 200m or more Marine env. structures: stipe and holdfast Stramenopile

Question 23

Unique characteristics of Ciliates? Clade?

Answer 23

Most diverse group Uses cilia for movement or feeding 2 types of nuclei: micronuclei: reproduction (conjugation) macronucleus: controls normal cell’s metabolism Alveolate

Question 24

What are two common intertidal seaweads belongin to Brown algae clade?

Answer 24

Laminaria and Fucus

Question 24

What supergroup does stramenopiles belong to?

Answer 24

Chromalveolata

Question 25

Characteristic of diatoms? Clade?

Answer 25

Photosynthetic Two-part shell made of silica called theca Make up large portion of plankton Reproduce sexually and asexually Diatomaceous earth Stramenopile

Question 26

What is diatomaceous earth used for?

Answer 26

filtering agent soundproofing material polishing abrasive

Question 27

Characteristic of Foraminiferans? Supergroup?

Answer 27

skeleton known as test pseudopods extend through opening in test used to index fossils to date sedimentary rock Rhizaria

Question 28

Characteristics of Radiolarians? Supergroup?

Answer 28

test comprised of silicon (indicates oil deposits on land and sea) fossils date back to Precambrian

Question 29

Characteristics of red algae? What is it used for by humans? Supergroup?

Answer 29

multicellular seaweads red and blue accessory pigments live in warmer seawater some depths 70m or more Agar- capsule for drugs, comsetics carrageenan- emulsifying agent used to produce chocholate and cosmetics Porphyra blades are procesed to be the reddish-black wrappings on sushi Archaeplastida

Question 30

Characteristics of green algae? Supergroup?

Answer 30

live in oceans, freshwater, snowbanks, treebard, back of turtles many symbionts with fungi, plants or animals cell wall made of cellulose, store starch, have chlorophyll a and b land plants thought to deribve from charaphytes Archaeplastida

Question 30

How does red algae compare to brown aglae?

Answer 30

red alage are smaller and more delicate than brown algae

Question 31

Characteristic of Volvox? clade?

Answer 31

colonial each cell divides asexually to form daughter colony chlorophyte

Question 32

When conditions are favorable for Chlorophyte? Chlamydomonas?

Answer 32

exist as haploid, reproduce asexually Chlamydomonas: tiny chlorophyte that inhabits still freshwater

Question 32

Characteristics of Ulva? Clade?

Answer 32

multicellular green-algae commonly called sea-lettuce charaphytes

Question 32

Characteristics of spirogya? Clade?

Answer 32

unbranched charophyte found in green masses on surfaces of ponds and streams sexual reproduction by conjugation

Question 33

Characteristics of Unikonts? Supergroup?

Answer 33

Move and feed by pseudopodia, usually freshwater Amoebozoans