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a & p II unit 5 > chapter 21- vessels & circulation(cardiovascular system) > Flashcards

chapter 21- vessels & circulation(cardiovascular system) Flashcards

(98 cards)

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1
Q

what is the term for a bypass vessel?

A

anastomosis

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2
Q

in arteries the outer edge of the tunica intima has an extra layer of elastin called
the what?

A

internal elastic membrane

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3
Q

of the three layers of the vessel wall, what is the
thickest in veins?

A

tunica externa/tunica adventitia

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4
Q

which class of arteries are involved in system vasoconstriction to increase blood pressure?

A

muscualr arteries/distrubtion artries

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5
Q

what brings blood to the capillary beds?

A

arterioles

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6
Q

what’s an arteriosclerosis caused specifically by lipid deposits?

A

atherosclerosis

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7
Q

typically capillary bed is composed of what capillaries whereas
fenestrated capillaries are specialized for transfer of large solutes or a high
volume of fluid?

A

continous

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8
Q

sinusoids are designed to allow the exchange of what?

A

cells & large proteins

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9
Q

what is the cycle of contraction and relaxation of a precapillary sphincter to control blood flow through a capillary bed?

A

vasomotion

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10
Q

blood hydrostatic pressure drives fluid out of a capillary, what draws the fluid
back in?

A

osmosis (due to plasma proteins

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11
Q

what effect does lactic acid have on a precapillary sphincter?

A

dilation

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12
Q

stimulation from the vasomotor centers will result in what effect?

A

vasoconstriction

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13
Q

name the hormone produced by the atria that blocks thirst and prevents release of ADH

A

atrial natriuretic peptide

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14
Q

how does ADH & Angiotensin II assist the situation short term after a
hemorrhage?

A

both trigger water retention & vessel constriction to keep blood pressure up

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15
Q

arteries (six main classes of blood vessels)

A

carry blood away fro heart, branch & decrease in diameter

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16
Q

arterioles (six main classes of blood vessels)

A

smallest arterial branches connect to capillaries

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17
Q

capillaries (six main classes of blood vessels)

A

tiny vessels where diffusion occurs between the blood & interstitial fluid

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18
Q

venules (six main classes of blood vessels)

A

smallest veins, connect to capillaries

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19
Q

veins (six main classes of blood vessels)

A

return blood to heart, converge & increase in diameter

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20
Q

anastomoses (six main classes of blood vessels)

A

bypass connections between vessels

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21
Q

vessel wall structure of arteries & veins

A

three main layers or tunics

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22
Q

tunica intima/tunica interna (wall structure of arteries & veins)

A

-inner most layer
-endothelial cells with basal lamina of loose connective tissue containing elastic fibers (elastin)
-in arteries called internal elastic membrane

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23
Q

internal elastic membrane

A

the extra layer of elastic fiber on the outer edge of the tunica interna in arteries

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24
Q

tunica media (wall structure of arteries & veins)

A

-middle layer
-smooth muscle cells in loose CT with sheets of elastin

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25
external elastic membrane
an extra layer of elastic fibers on the tunica media in arteries
26
tunica externa/tunica adventitia (wall structure of arteries & veins)
-outer most layer -collagen-rich external CT sheath -infiltrated with nerve fibers & lymphatic vessels -large vessels contain vaso vasorum
27
tunica externa/tunica adventitia in arteries
there is more collagen & scattered elastic fiber bands
28
tunica externa/tunica adventitia in veins
there is extensive elastic fiber networks & bundles of smooth muscle cells
29
arteries (arteries vs vein comparison)
-thicker walls -more elastin & smooth muscle in tunica media -thickest tunic = tunica media -elastic walls recoil constricting lumen without BP -circular in cross section -no valves -pleated endothelium -internal & external elastic membranes
30
veins (arteries vs veins comparison)
-thinner walls -less elastin & smooth muscle in tunica media -thickest tunic= tunica externa -open lumen, no recoil - collapse flat in cross-section -valves = flaps of tunica intimate prevent backflow -smooth endothelium -no elastic membrane
31
vein histology
large vein -> ,medium-sized vein -> venule -> fenestrated capillary
32
artery histology
elastic artery -> muscular artery -> arteriole -> continous capillary
33
pressure points (muscular arteries)
can be pinched off to control bleeding
34
aneurysm (health problems with arteries)
pressure of blood exceeds elastic capacity of wall, causes bulge or weak spot prone to rupture, caused by chronic high BP or arteriosclerosis
35
arteriosclerosis (health problems with arteries)
variety of pathological conditions causing changes in walls that decrease elasticity (thickening)
36
focal calcification (health problems with arteries)
smooth muscle degenerates, replaced by calcium salts
37
atherosclerosis (health problems with arteries)
lipid deposit buildup
38
stroke/cerebrovascular accident (CVA) (health problems with arteries)
interruption of arterial supply to portion of brain (embolism, atherosclerosis), brain tissue dies & function is lost
39
capillaries
-designed to allow diffusion to/from the tissues -consists of tunica intima only (endothelium + basal lamina) -8μm -only vessels with thin enough wall structure to allow complete diffusion
40
continuous capillaries
-normal diffusion to all tissues except epithelium & cartilage -complete endothelium, tight junctions
41
fenestrated capillaries
-high-volume fluid or large solute transfer -pores/fenestrations span endothelium -ex: choroid plexus, endocrine organs, intestine, kidney
42
43
capillary beds
a network of small blood vessels that allow the exchange of gas, water, and nutrients, include continuous, fenestrated & sinusoid
44
not enough total blood to fill all capillaries at once:
flow through capillary bed must be controlled based on need via pre-capillary sphincters (vasomotion)
45
vasomotion
-cycle of contraction/relaxation -sphincter relaxed = flow in capillary bed -sphincter constricted = capillary bed empty, flow through anastomoses
46
veins
-designed to return blood to heart, can serve as blood reservoir, thin walls but large lumens -thin tunica media with little smooth muscle or elastin -tunica externa contains elastin & smooth muscle -tunica intima contains valves to prevent back-flow
47
veins pressure:
-pressure from heart drives blood flow in arteries, pressure in veins often too low to oppose gravity =skeletal muscle movement required to "squish" blood through veins -valves in tunica intima ensure one-way movement
48
venule
-collect blood from capillary beds -average diameter 20μm (range 8μm) -small ones lack tunica media
49
medium vein size
2-9mm
50
large vein
3cm
51
varicose veins & hemorrhoids (health problems with veins)
resistance to flow (gravity, obesity) causes pooling above valves, veins stretch out
52
blood reservoir (health problems with veins)
venous system contains 65-70% total blood volume, can constrict during hemorrhage to keep volume in capillaries & arteries near normal
53
arteries
-designed to change diameter, elastic & muscular, thick walls -tunica externa contains collagen -sympathetic stimulation = vasoconstriction -smooth muscle relaxes = vasodilation
54
elastic arteries (conducting arteries)
-transport large volumes away from heart -2.5 cm -elastin in all 3 tunics -stretch (ventricular systole) & rebound (ventricular diastole) -not involved in system vasoconstriction
55
muscular arteries (distribution arteries)
-transport blood to organs & tissues -10mm-0.3mm -more smooth muscle & less elastin in tunica media than elastic arteries -involved in systemic vasoconstriction via sympathetic stimulation
56
arterioles (resistance vessels)
-connect blood supply to capillary beds -300μm-10μm -all 3 tunics then with few elastic fibers -involved in local vasoconstriction via endocrine or sympathetic stimulation
57
anastomoses
-bypass routes between vessels -not present in retina, kidney or spleen -more common in veins
58
blood flow (physiology of circulation)
volume of blood flowing through a vessel in given period (total body flow = CO)
59
blood pressure (physiology of circulation)
force per unit area exerted on vessel by blood (mmHg) blood flows from high pressure -> low
60
resistance (physiology of circulation)
opposition of blood flow, friction -increase blood viscosity = increase resistance -increase vessel length = increase resistance -decrease vessel diameter = increase resistance
61
vasoconstriction
decrease blood flow, increase BP, increase resistance
62
vasodilation
increase blood flow, decrease BP, decrease resistance
63
physiology of circulation
-blood pressure changes throughout body: greatest in arteries leaving heart, lowest in veins returning to heart -person's BP measured at arteries near heart = systolic pressure/diastolic pressure (from ventricles -> squeeze/rest)
64
what is a "normal" blood pressure?
110/70mmHg
65
hypertension
-arterial pressure > 150/90mmHg -causes increased workload for heart
66
what happens when hypertension goes untreated?
enlarged left ventricle, requires more O2, heart can fail
67
as arteries branch, area for blood increases, pressure decreases & becomes constant:
-blood at arteriole ~35mmHg -> capillary-> -blood ar venue ~18mmHg -pressure continues to decline as veins increase diameter
68
capillary exchange
-functions to feed tissues & remove wastes -due to filtration & diffusion -dependent on good blood flow & pressure
69
filtration process (capillary exchange)
-blood hydrostatic pressure in capillaries drives water & solutes out of plasma to tissues, 24 L/day -most recollected by osmosis (plasma proteins) back into capillary (filtered at arteriole ends, absorbed at venule end)
70
3.6 L/day flows through interstitial spaces, recollected by lymphatic system capillary exchange -> filtration):
-accelerates distribution of nutrients -flushes out toxins & pathogens (will be removed/detoxified by immune cells in lymphatic system)
71
diffusion through endothelial cells & membranes (capillary exchange)
-small ions transit through endothelial cells (Na+) -large ions & small organic pass between endothelial cells (glucose, amino acids) -lipids pass through endothelial membranes (steroid hormones)
72
diffusion through fenestrated capillaries & sinusoids (capillary exchange)
-large water-soluble compounds diffuse at fenestrated capillaries (intestine) -large plasma proteins diffuse only at sinusoids (liver)
73
diffusion (capillary exchange)
movement of substances from an area of high concentration to low
74
filtration (capillary exchange)
pressure forces substances through a membrane (osmosis)
75
edema
buildup of fluid in tissues due to too much diffusion or filtration, not enough osmosis, or blocked lymphatics
76
cardiovascular regulation
-blood flow, BP & resistance must be controlled to ensure delivery of nutrients & removal of wastes in tissues
77
autoregulation (cardiovascular regulation)
single capillary bed: action at a precapillary sphincter
78
local vasodilators (autoregulation -> cardiovascular regulation)
-increase blood flow -increased CO2 or decreased O2 -lactic acid -increase K+ or H+ -inflammation: histamine, NO(nitric oxide) -elevated temperature
79
local vasoconstrictions (autoregulation -> cardiovascular regulation)
-decrease blood flow -prostaglandins (narrowing of blood vessels) -thromboxanes (facilitates platelet aggregation) -endothelins (tightening blood vessels)
80
neural mechanisms (cardiovascular regulation)
a. cardiovascular centers b. baroreceptor reflexes c. chemoreceptor reflexes
81
cardioacceleratory center -> cardiovascular centers in medulla oblongata (neural mechanisms -> cardiovascular regulation)
sympathetic = increase CO (cardiac output)
82
cardioinhibitory center -> cardiovascular centers in medulla oblongata (neural mechanisms -> cardiovascular regulation)
parasympathetic = decrease CO (cardiac output)
83
vasomotor center -> cardiovascular centers in medulla oblongata (neural mechanisms -> cardiovascular regulation)
-sympathetic -NE (norepinephrine) = vasoconstriction
84
baroreceptor reflexes (neural mechanisms -> cardiovascular regulation)
monitor BP & trigger cardiovascular centers
85
chemoreceptor reflexes (neural mechanisms -> cardiovascular regulation)
monitor blood & CSF, CO2, O2 & pH and trigger respiratory & cardiac center
86
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (hormonal regulation -> cardiovascular regulation)
-from pituitary gland in response to low blood volume -causes vasoconstriction & water conservation kidney
87
angiotensin II (hormonal regulation -> cardiovascular regulation)
-from kidney in response to low BP -causes Na+ retention & K+ loss at kidney -stimulates release of ADH, thirst, CO & arteriole constriction
88
erythropoietin (EPO) (hormonal regulation -> cardiovascular regulation)
-from kidney in response to low O2 -stimulates production & maturation of RBCs
89
atrial natriuretic peptides (ANP) (hormonal regulation -> cardiovascular regulation)
-from atria in response to stretching -causes increased Na+ & H2O loss in kidney, reduced thirst, blocks ADH release, stimulates vasodilation
90
short-term cardiovascular response to hemorrhaging
aimed at increasing BP & increase flow: blood flow to brain kept constant while other systems adjust, can compensate for ~20% blood loss
91
short-term cardiovascular possible events response to hemorrhaging
1. increase CO, trigger peripheral vasoconstriction to increase BP 2. venoconstrict to mobilize venous reserve to increase blood volume 3. release NE, ADH, angiotensin II to increase BP
92
long-term cardiovascular response to hemorrhaging
aimed at restoring normal blood volume after hemorrhage
93
long-term cardiovascular possible events response to hemorrhaging
1. recall fluid from interstitial spaces 2. release increase ADH for fluid retention in kidney 3. increase thirst 4. release EPO to increase RBCs
94
shock
low BP & inadequate blood flow
95
what is shock due to?
-loss of >30% blood volume -damage to heart -external pressure on heart -extensive vasodilation
96
what does shock result in?
-hypotension, rapid & weak pulse, clammy skin, confusion, increased heart, decreased urine production, decreased blood pH -body focuses on supplying blood to brain at expense of other tissues
97
circulatory collapse
blood flow stops completely as muscles in vessels no longer contract due to lack of oxygen, no blood flow = death
98
aging & cardiovascular system
-decreased hematocrit -increased thrombus formation -venous valves decreased function, blood pools in legs -reduction in max CO -increased arteriosclerosis

a & p II unit 5 (4 decks)

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