chapter 22

Question 1

what is evolution?

Answer 1

the process by which species accumulate differences from their ancestors as they adapt to different environments over time.

Question 2

how did darwin summarize evolution?

Answer 2

“descent with modification”

Question 3

evolution is viewed as both a _______ and a ________

Answer 3

pattern ; process

Question 4

what is a pattern?

Answer 4

revealed by scientific data showing that life has evolved over time

Question 5

what is a process?

Answer 5

consist of mechanisms that cause the pattern of change.

Question 6

who proposed that all species are perfect in their current form?

Answer 6

plato

Question 7

who observed species could be arranged in increasing complexity?

Answer 7

Aristotle

Question 8

what is taxonomy?

Answer 8

the science of classifying organisms.

Question 9

what was the scale aristotle developed to arrange species in order of increasing compelxity?

Answer 9

scala naturae

Question 10

what did aristotle believe?

Answer 10

species were fixed (unchanging)

Question 11

who was carolus linnaeus?

Answer 11

-founder of taxonomy
-developed binomial system of nomenclature
-believed species were fixed and uncahnging

Question 12

what is binomial format?

Answer 12

the first term indicates the genus and the second indicates the species (i.e humans are homo sapiens)

Question 13

who was geroges-louis leclerc?

Answer 13

-french naturalist
-challenged the idea that life was unchanging
-proposed that species could change due to environmental factors
-speculated earth was over 6000 yrs old

Question 14

who was erasmus darwin?

Answer 14

-physician and naturalist
-made observations that current species had vestigial structures, features of organs that functioned in ancestors but not in living creatures today.

Question 15

who was caron georges cuvier?

Answer 15

-zoologist
-founded the science of paleontology
-opposed evolution
-supported catastrophism
-proposed extinction

Question 16

who is james hutton?

Answer 16

-first modern-day geologist
-proposed deep time with evidence
-proposed that earths geological features were formed gradually

Question 17

who is charles lyell?

Answer 17

-wrote principles of geology
-outline unifortmitatianism
-proposed that the same geological processes operate today as in the past, at the same rate

Question 18

what is uniformitarianism?

Answer 18

slow, uniform, and continuous processes are responsible for Earth’s physical features today

Question 19

universe is ____, earth is ______, life on earth is ______.

Answer 19

13.8 billion years old, 4.5 billion years old, 3.8 billion years old.

Question 20

who is jean-baptiste de lamarck?

Answer 20

-first biologist to offer a testable hypothesis that explained how evolution occurs
-darwin quoted him saying he was influential to his own work
-proposed two principles to explain evolutionary changes. use and disuse, and inheritance of acquired characteristics

Question 21

explain the principle of use and disuse

Answer 21

body parts used extensively become larger and stronger, unused parts deteriorate

Question 22

explain the principle of inheritance of acquired characteristics

Answer 22

modifications acquired in one’s lifetime can be passed to offspring

Question 23

what is correct in history of evolutionary thought?

Answer 23

-more complex organisms are descendants of less complex organisms
-adaptations were driving force of evolution
-characteristics are inherited from parent to offspring

Question 24

who is thomas malthus?

Answer 24

-economist who studied human populations
-proposed in book that human population sizes are regulated by resources such as food, water, shelter, etc
-organisms have more offspring than can survive
-competition leads to some surviving and some dying off

Question 25

who was charles darwin?

Answer 25

-HMS beagle -collected specimens of South American plants and animals -noted that fossils resembled living species -inferred that rocks containing fossils of ocean organisms in the Andean mountains must have been raised there -observed raised beaches in Argentina

Question 26

what are adaptations?

Answer 26

proposed by darwin: inherited characteristics that enhance an organism's survival and reproduction in specific environments

Question 27

what is natural selection

Answer 27

proposed by darwin as an explanation for adaptation. a process in which individual with certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates because of those traits

Question 28

who is alfred russel wallace?

Answer 28

-naturalist -came up with the theory of evolution independently

Question 29

what are the ideas presented by the origin of species book?

Answer 29

-the unity of life -the diversity of life -the ways organisms are suited to life in their environments

Question 30

what is descent with modification?

Answer 30

used to describe darwins view of life, states that all organisms are related by descent from a common ancestor that lived in the past

Question 31

what is artificial selection?

Answer 31

humans control which organisms reproduce in a population to increase the frequency of desired traits

Question 32

what are darwins observations?

Answer 32

1. members of a population often vary in their inherited traits 2. all species can produce more offspring than the environment can support and many of these offspring fail to survive and reproduce

Question 33

what were darwins inferences?

Answer 33

1. individuals with inherited traits that increase survival and reproduction in an environment tend to produce more offspring than other individuals 2. the unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce will lead to the accumulation of favorable traits in the population over generations

Question 34

what can be used as evidence of evolution?

Answer 34

F: fossils A: anatomical M: molecular E: embryological

Question 35

what is the law of superposition?

Answer 35

-older life found in deeper layers of the earth -complexity of fossils increases as you get closer to the top

Question 36

what are homologous structures?

Answer 36

structures that are anatomically similar because they are inherited from a common ancestor

Question 37

what are analogous structures?

Answer 37

different structures that have the same function

Question 38

what are vestigial structures?

Answer 38

structures that evolved in a common ancestor but the current species have evolved not to need/use structure

Question 39

what is molecular evolution?

Answer 39

-various amounts of DNA is identical between species -species that are more closely related have more identical DNA

Question 40

what is embryological evolution?

Answer 40

patterns of embryological development indicate a common ancestry