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World History > Chapter 22 (Industrial Revolution) > Flashcards

Chapter 22 (Industrial Revolution) Flashcards

(62 cards)

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1
Q

Spinning Jenny

A

Invented by James Hargreaves. Allowed a weaver to spin mor than one thread at a time.

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2
Q

Water frame

A

Invented by Richard Arkwright and used water power to drive the spinning wheel. This moved textile production from the home to factories big enough to house the machines.

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3
Q

James Hargreaves

A

Invented the spinning jenny

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4
Q

Richard Arkwright

A

Invented the water frame

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5
Q

Eli Whitney

A

Created cotton gin and interchangeable parts

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6
Q

Interchangeable parts

A

Made it so if a particular component broke, that component could be easily replaced without having to replace the whole product

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7
Q

Steam engine

A

Provided an inexpensive way to harness coal power to create steam, which generated energy for machines in factories. A steam powered locomotive was later made for railway trains

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8
Q

James watt

A

Invented the steam engine

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9
Q

Steamship

A

Were powered by steam engines and were no longer dependent on the wind. Were also able to travel long distances which led to coaling stations

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10
Q

Crop rotation

A

Rotating different crops in and out of a field each year which increased food production

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11
Q

Seed drill

A

A device that efficiently places seeds in a designated spot it which increased food production

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12
Q

Seaways

A

A waterway giving access to a port, Britain had many of these which was one of its advantages in the process of industrialization

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13
Q

Raw materials

A

The basic material from which a product is made. Britain was geographically well placed to import this, which was an advantage during industrialization

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14
Q

Fossil fuel

A

Are made from decomposing plants and animals and can be converted to energy. This was essential in the process of separating iron from its ore.

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15
Q

Transcontinental railroad

A

Railroad across the United States, connecting the Atlantic and pacific oceans and facilitated US industrial growth

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16
Q

Second Industrial Revolution

A

Developments were in steel, chemicals, precise machinery, and electronics

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17
Q

Trans-Siberian railroad

A

It connected russias industrial and commercial areas and allowed Russia to trade more easily with countries in east asia

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18
Q

Bessemer process

A

A steel making process in which impurities are removed from iron by oxidation

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19
Q

Urbanization

A

The growth of cities, industrialization increased this

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20
Q

Protestant work ethic

A

View that a persons duty is to achieve success through hard work

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21
Q

Meiji

A

Under this, Japan ended its self imposed isolation from the world as they were alarmed by the advanced navy and armaments produced by the wests industries

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22
Q

Otto von Bismarck

A

Under him, Germany started workers accident compensation insurance, unemployment insurance, and old age pensions. He was more concerned that if he didn’t address these problems, radicals would demand stronger action which would lead to social unresy

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23
Q

Industrial revolution

A

Period of social and economic change that transformed society and agrarian society into industrial. Began in Britain, then spread to countries in Europe and North America, and then later to Japan and Russia

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24
Q

Industrialization

A

The increased mechanization of production and the social changes that accompanied this shift.

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25
Cottage industry
A system where merchants provided raw cotton to women to spun it into cloth in their homes
26
Putting-out system
The cottage industry where women spun thread in their homes. However, the production was slow which led to the development of technologies that produced cloth more quickly.
27
Factory system
Arkwright was considered the father of this because the water frame moved textile production to factories.
28
Division of labor
This system was made possible through Interchangeable parts, which made it so unskilled workers would just be specialized in a specific task/just attaching a certain piece of a product.
29
Assembly line
Henry ford expanded on the concept of division of labor, making this to manufacture his Model T automobiles
30
Agricultural revolution
This slightly predated the Industrial Revolution and led to increased productivity
31
Enclosure movment
Farmers were traditionally allowed to cultivate land called “the commons” but this fenced off the commons so that only those who paid got the land. Led to many farmers losing land and they went to get industrial jobs
32
Manchester
An urban area that many farmers moved to after losing their land and jobs
33
Liverpool
An urban area that many farmers moved to after losing their land and jobs
34
Capital
Money available to invest in business. British capitalists had excess of this because of the trans Atlantic slave trafe
35
Human capital
The workforce. This was a key factor in americas success (many immigrants or migrants)
36
Consumerism
That an increase in a consumption of goods is desirable. This increased among the working and middle classes in Britain
37
Corporations
A business chartered by a government as a legal entity owned by stockholders
38
Stockholders
Individuals who buy partial ownership from a company when formed or through the stock market. Will receive or lose money depending on success of compabt
39
Stock market
A stock exchange where people can buy and sell stocks
40
Monopoly
To control all aspects of a specific business and eliminate the competition
41
The wealth of nations
Written by Adam smith, supports capitalism and establishment of private entrepreneurship
42
Adam smith
Believe in invisibility hand of the market, want government to be more hands off
43
Capitalism
Industry controlled by private ownership, adam smith supports
44
Laissez-faire
Opposed nearly all government regulations that limited business
45
John Stuart mill
Champion of social reforms including labor unions, child labor, and laws concerning safe working conditions. Advocated utilitarianism
46
Utilitarianism
Sought the greater good for greatest number of people. Didn’t want to end capitalism wanted to address problems
47
Socialism
System where major resources and industries would be owned by workers or government on behalf of the people.
48
Utopia
Futuristic or idealized community (utopian socialism)
49
Karl Marx
Advocate of socialism, thought end of capitalism would bring equality and justice. His ideas eventually evolved and his followers interpreted his writing differently
50
Friedrich engels
Critiqued capitalism
51
The communist manifesto
A pamphlet written by Karl Marx and friedrich engels that summarized their critique of capitalism
52
Means of production
The facilities and resources for producing goods. By controlling this (according to Marx) u can gain wealth
53
Communism
Society where property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to abilities and needs. Marxist socialism became known as this.
54
Tenement
Poorly constructed apartment buildings where working families were crowded into, often owned by factory owners
55
Slums
Areas of cities where low income families were forced to live and where pollution and disease was common. Tenements were often located here.
56
Working class
The bottom of the social hierarchy and those who labored in factories coal mines. They were low skilled and therefore replaceable.
57
White-collar
These jobs were held by office workers. They were literate and could be considered middle class
58
Captains of industry
Wealthy industrialists that soon overshadowed the aristocracy as the leaders of modern society
59
Cult of domesticity
Idealized the female homemaker, advertising and consumer culture contributed to this
60
Labor unions
Organizations that advocate free trade right to bargain over wages, conditions, and hours with employers and create a contract
61
Proletariat
According to Marx, one of the two classes capitalism divided society into. The working class (factories and mines)
62
Bourgeoisie
According to Marx, one of the two classes capitalism divided society into. The middle class. Marx said they exploited the proletariat for profit and owned means of production

World History (8 decks)

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