Chapter 22 - Respiratory Flashcards by Guisela Felix-Ortiz

These two systems go hand in hand when it comes to supply of O2 & disposal of CO2

Circulatory & respiratory.

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Functions of the nose:

airway
filters/moistens inspired air
resonating speech chamber
olfactory receptors

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Anatomy of the nose

Top part between the eyes: root & bridge
Actual ‘bridge’: dorsum nasi
Point of the nose: apex
Nostrils: naris
Little indention above the lip below the nose: philtrum

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Describe the nasal cavity

Divided by nasal septum
Roof made of sphenoid & ethmoid bone
Floor is made of soft & hard palates

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4 cavities in bones to enlighten skull/moisten air

Frontal
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Maxillary

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“Pharynx” is described as

muscular throat

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Pharynx regions

Eustachian tube ->
Nasopharynx ->
Oropharynx ->
Laryngopharynx (bifurcates to) -> esophagus &amp;
  larynx

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Where does the Eustachian tube open into

Lateral walls of the pharynx

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Another name for the Eustachian Tube

pharyngotymapanic

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What does the pharyngotympanic tube do?

equalize pressure

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What part of the pharynx bifurcates and where do the paths lead to?

Laryngopharynx.. one path to the esophagus one path to the larynx.

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What is the purpose & location of the larynx?

Located continuous with trachea & provides airway and speech production

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What kind of cartilage is the larynx made of?

hyaline

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The Adam’s apple proper name is ? & what kind of cartilage is it?

Laryngeal prominence

Thyroid cartilage

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The cricoid cartilage is what kind of shape? Where is it between?

Bowtie; between cricothyroid ligament & cricothracheal ligament

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This elastic cartilage structure covers the larynx when swallowing

Epiglottis

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This is where the laryngeal prominence is located

Thyroid cartilage

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Structure known as “false vocal cord” & best described as “curtains”

Vestibular folds

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Describe Vestibular folds

No speech sounds ; hides vocal ligaments

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Known as “true vocal cords” & best described as “glass doors”

Vocal folds

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The slit between the vocal folds is called the ..?

& can only be seen by looking down.

Glottis

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What happens when vocal folds bang into eachother?

Air rushes from the lungs; causes vibration; sounds

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Vestibular folds do what besides hide vocal folds?

Help glottis close while swallowing

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Vocal folds can act as a _________ to prevent air passage?

Sphincter

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What is Valsava's maneuver? When does it usually occur?

"bear down"; forced expiration. Glottis closes to prevent expiration. This usually occurs with heavy lifting & defecation [pooping]

This is the intermittent release of expired air while opening/closing the glottis

Speech

Pitch is determined by the ____ & ____ of vocal cords

Length & tension; tone.

Loudness depends on...

force of air

Nose, mouth, & sinuses ___ & ___ sound quality

Enhance & amplify

Pharynx muscles, tongue, soft palate, & lips shape..

sound into language

How far does the trachea run?

From the larynx to the carina (last ring), where trachea branches into 2 bronchi

How many branches do air passages undergo?

These are the conducting zone structures

``` Trachea R/L Primary Bronchi Secondary Lobe bronchi [3 right, 2 left] Tertiary Bronchi Bronchioles Terminal bronchi ```

How many lobes are there total and how many in each lung?

5; 3 right 2 left

Gap created in left lug is called the

Cardiac notch

Indentions in each lobe are called

Horizontal fissures | R/L Oblique fissures

Gas movement is aka.. Gas exchange is aka.. these happen ____.

Ventilation Perfusion Simultaneously

In what part of the respiratory system does gas exchange usually occur?

Alveoli

End of a branch's structure...

- Terminal bronchiole [smooth muscle; bronchoconstriction] - Respiratory bronchiole - Alveoli cluster - Alvelous

Name the two kinds of alveolar walls:

Type I & II cells

What happens in type I?

02 & C02 go from high to low concentration through simple squamous epithelium diffusion cells.

What happens in type II?

Surfactant is released from cuboidal cells to decrease surface tention

What keeps surfaces sterile in the alveoli

alveolar macrophages

What do alveolar pores do?

Holes that equalize pressure

Average # of respirations per minute at rest ? & is known as

14; tidal breathing

Patm stands for ? What is the regular at sea level?

Atmospheric pressure; 760 mmHg

Which pressure is always changing?

Ppul - intrapulmonary pressure

Pip stands for? | Lungs collapse if ___ & ___ are equal.

Intrapleural pressure | Pip & Ppul

Lung collapse is aka & is caused by

Atelactasis; bronchiole obstruction

Define pneumothorax

Most common lung collapse case due to air entering the pleural cavity

Muscles that are used during forced exhilation

Abdominal & internal intercostal

Know the Patm & Ppul during inspiration & what is happening.

Thoracic cage opens/becomes larger. Intercostal muscles contract. External intercostal & diaphragm used during normal breathing. Ppul decreases to -1 causing Patm to be 759 Air flows into the lungs because of pressure gradient.

Know the Patm & Ppul during expiration & what is happening.

Thoracic volume decreases. Intercostal muscles & diaphragm relax. Ppul rises to +1 mmHg causing Patm to be 761 Air flows out of lungs because of pressure gradient.

Inspiratory muscles (diaphragm & external intercostals) consume energy to overcome 2 factors that slow air passage. These two factors are:

1. Air resistance | 2. Alveolar surface tension [type II cells]

Airway resistance is usually insignificant because of

large diameter of airway

Airway resistance disappears where and why

terminal bronchioles; this is where diffusion occurs

____ ____ attracts water molecules to one another at a gas-liquid surface

surface tension

_____ is a detergent like lipid-protein complex made by alveoli to reduce surface tension

surfactant

Insufficient ____ in premies causes RDS

surfactant; lungs aren't ready

Know the respiratory capacities & volumes

IRV + TV = IC ERV + RV = FRC IRV + ERV + TC = VC RV + VC = TLC

Instrument used to measure respiratory capacities & volumes

spirometer

Anatomical dead space are

air filled ducts ( larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles)

Alveolar dead space

Nonfunctional alveoli

Nonrespiratory air movements include

Cough Sneeze Cry/laugh Yawn

The amount of gas reaching in and out of the alveoli is called

ventilation

The blood flow reaching alveoli (bf exchange) is called

perfusion

As O2 binds, Hb affinity for O2... | As O2 is released Hb affinity for O2...

Increases | Decreases

Hb is fully saturated when..

All four heme groups carry O2

Hb has greater affinity for ___ than ___ or ___.

CO- carbon monoxide | co2/o2

What is the Bohr effect?

Acidity is proportional to the amt. of oxygen release from Hb; slow breathing

CO2 + H20 ---> H2CO3 ---> H+ + HCO3 | carbonic acid bicarbonate ion

CO2 & H+ Levels increase, pH weakens the OHb-O2 bond

What does hyperventilation do?

Stimulates | chemoreceptors in medulla ; increased heart rate

Know the 3 ways CO2 can be transported

10% dissolved in plasma 20% bound to Hb 70% as bicarbonate ions HCO3- in plasma

What is the chloride shift?

As HCO3- rushes out of RBCs, Cl flows in from the plasma

Describe hypoventilation

``` Slow breathing CO2 accumulates in blood pH drops respiratory acidosis. [opposite effect in hyperventilation] ```

What neurons are involved in neurons

medulla & pons

Pontine center & dorsal respiratory group influence what?

Ventral respiratory group; tidal breathing; 'pacemaker'

Define apnea

temporary cessation of breathing, when CO2 is low

What is the most powerful respiratory stimulant

CO2; rise in CO2=Fall in pH

When does O2 become the most powerful stimulant

when you're about to die

what saturates blood?

oxygen

Chapter 22 - Respiratory Flashcards

(81 cards)