Chapter 22 Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands

Question 1

Calcitonin

Answer 1

Thyroid hormone important for maintaining a dense, strong bone matrix and regulating the blood calcium level

Question 2

Euthyroid

Answer 2

Refers to a normal functioning thyroid gland

Question 3

Hyperthyroidism

Answer 3

Oversecretion of thyroid hormones

Question 4

Hypophosphatasia

Answer 4

Low phosphate level associated with hyperparathyroidism

Question 5

hypothyroidism

Answer 5

Undersecretion of thyroid hormones

Question 6

isthmus

Answer 6

small piece of thyroid tissue that connects the right and left lobes of the gland

Question 7

longus colli muscles

Answer 7

wedge-shaped muscle posterior to the thyroid lobes

Question 8

parathyroid hormone

Answer 8

hormone secreted by parathyroid glands that regulates serum calcium levels

Question 9

pyramidal lobe

Answer 9

present in small percentage of patients; extends superiorly from the isthmus

Question 10

serum calcium

Answer 10

Laboratory value that is elevated with hyperparathyroidism

Question 11

sternocleidomastoid muscles

Answer 11

large muscles anterolateral to the thyroid

Question 12

strap muscles

Answer 12

group of three muscles (sternothyroid, sternohyoid, and omohyoid) that lies anterior to the thyroid

Question 13

thyroid-stimulating hormone

Answer 13

hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroxine and triiodothyronine

Question 14

brachial cleft cyst

Answer 14

remnant of embryonic development that appears as a cyst in the neck

Question 15

fine-needle aspiration

Answer 15

use of a fine-gauge needle to obtain cells from a mass

Question 16

hyperparathyroidism

Answer 16

disorders associated with elevated serum calcium level, usually caused by a benign parathyroid adenoma

Question 17

lymphadenopathy

Answer 17

disorder characterized by a localized or generalized enlargement of the lymph nodes or lymph vessels

Question 18

parathyroid hyperplasia

Answer 18

enlargement of the multiple parathyroid glands

Question 19

primary hyperparathyroidism

Answer 19

oversecretion of parathyroid hormone, usually from a parathyroid adenoma

Question 20

secondary hyperparathyroidism

Answer 20

enlargement of parathyroid glands in patients with renal failure or vitamin D deficiency

Question 21

thyroglossal duct cysts

Answer 21

congenital anomalies that present in the midline of the neck anterior to the trachea

Question 22

adenoma

Answer 22

benign thyroid neoplasm characterized by complete fibrous encapsulation

Question 23

anaplastic carcinoma

Answer 23

Rare, undifferentiated carcinoma occurring in middle age

Question 24

follicular carcinoma

Answer 24

occurs as a solitary malignant mass within the thyroid tissue

Question 25

goiter

Answer 25

enlargement of the thyroid gland that can be focal or diffuse; multiple nodules may be present

Question 26

Graves' disease

Answer 26

autoimmune disorder characterized by a diffuse toxic goiter, bulging eyes, and cutaneous manifestations

Question 27

Hashimoto's thyroiditis

Answer 27

chronic inflammation of the thyroid gland caused by the formation of antibodies against normal thyroid tissue

Question 28

medullary carcinoma

Answer 28

neoplastic growth that accounts for 10% of thyroid malignancies

Question 29

microcalcification

Answer 29

tiny echogenic foci within a nodule that may or may not shadow

Question 30

multinodular goiter

Answer 30

nodular enlargement of the thyroid associated with hyperthyroidism

Question 31

nodular hyperplasia

Answer 31

degenerative nodules withing the thyroid

Question 32

papillary carcinoma

Answer 32

most common form of thyroid malignancy

Question 33

subacute (de Quervain's) thyroiditis

Answer 33

viral infection of the thyroid that causes inflammation

Question 34

thyroiditis

Answer 34

inflammation of the thyroid

Question 35

The thyroid straddles the trachea anteriorly, whereas the paired lobes extend on either side bounded laterally by the _______ arteries and ________ veins.

Answer 35

carotid, jugular

Question 36

Along the anterior surface of the thyroid gland lie the ______ muscles, including the sternothyroid, omohyoid, sternohyoid, and sternocleidomastoid muscles.

Answer 36

strap

Question 37

The parathyroid glands are normally located on the ________ surface of the thyroid gland.

Answer 37

posterior medial

Question 38

The parathyroid glands are the _______ organs in the body.

Answer 38

calcium-sensing

Question 39

The parathyroid glands produce ________ and monitor the serum calcium feedback mechanism.

Answer 39

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 40

When the serum calcium level ________, the parathyroid glands are stimulated to release PTH.

Answer 40

decreases

Question 41

PTH acts on _______, ______, and intestine to enhance calcium absorption.

Answer 41

bone, kidney

Question 42

Primary hyperparathyroidism is characterized by ________, hypercalciuria, and low serum levels of phosphate.

Answer 42

hypophospatasia

Question 43

Primary hyperparathyroidism occurs when increased amounts of PTH are produced by a(n) ______, primary hyperplasia, or, rarely, carcinoma located in the parathyroid gland.

Answer 43

adenoma

Question 44

A chronic hypocalcemia caused by renal failure, vitamin D deficiency (rickets), or malabsorption syndromes is ______ hyperparathyroidism.

Answer 44

secondary

Question 45

The thyroid gland is the part of the endocrine system that maintains body ________, ________, and _________ through the synthesis, storage, and secretion of thyroid hormones.

Answer 45

metabolism, growth, development

Question 46

These hormones include triiodothyronine (_______), thyroxine (______), and _________.

Answer 46

T3, T4, calcitonin

Question 47

The mechanism from producing thyroid hormones is ______ metabolism.

Answer 47

iodine

Question 48

When the body needs thyroid hormone, it is released into the bloodstream by the action of thyrotropin or thyroid-stimulating hormone (__________), which is produced by the pituitary gland.

Answer 48

TSH

Question 49

The secretion of TSH is regulated by thyrotropin-releasing factor, which is produced by the __________.

Answer 49

hypothalamus

Question 50

The concentration of calcium in the blood is decreased by __________, which first acts on the bone to inhibit its breakdown.

Answer 50

calcitonin

Question 51

Low intake of iodine (goiter) in the body may cause either _______, or the inability of the thyroid to produce the proper amount of thyroid hormone, or a problem in the pituitary gland that does not control the thyroid production.

Answer 51

hypothyroidism

Question 52

The metabolic rate is dramatically increased ____________ , clinical signs include weight loss, increased appetite, high degree of nervous energy, tremor, excessive sweating, heat intolerance, and palpitations, and many patients show signs of exophthalmos (protruding eyes).

Answer 52

hyperthyroidism

Question 53

How the thyroid is functioning is evaluated by ____________.

Answer 53

nuclear medicine

Question 54

An enlargement of the thyroid gland is a(n) _______, which is often visible on the anterior neck.

Answer 54

goiter

Question 55

___________ is characterized by these findings: hypermetabolism, diffuse toxic goiter, exophthalmos (inflammatory infiltration of the orbital tissue resulting in proptosis, or bulging of the eyes), and cutaneous manifestations (thickening of the dermis of the pretibial areas and the dorsum of the feet).

Answer 55

Graves' disease

Question 56

A benign thyroid neoplasm characterized by complete fibrous encapsulation is a(n) _________.

Answer 56

adenoma

Question 57

The most common of the thyroid malignancies is ________ of the thyroid and is the preponderant cause of thyroid cancer in children.

Answer 57

papillary carcinoma

Question 58

The normal thyroid gland has a fine _______ echotexture that is more echogenic than the surrounding muscle structure.

Answer 58

homogeneous

Question 59

A normal lymph node is oval in shape with a(n) _________ texture with a central core echo complex.

Answer 59

homogeneous

Question 60

The ________ muscle is posterior and lateral to each thyroid lobe and appears as a hypoechoic triangular structure adjacent to the cervical vertebrae.

Answer 60

longus colli