- economic and societal changes occurred in Japan. -While merchants were officially among the lower social classes, they were able to wield economic power over the highest social class, the samurai - The government's development and maintenance of roads provided a link between city and countryside, allowing information and ideas to spread and helping to shape a sense of Japan as a unified culture.

Chapter 23-27 Test Flashcards by Katherine Berger

Suez Canal

Connected the Red Sea and Mediterranean Sea, financed by European investors, intervention of British into Egyptian politics to protect investment

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Boxer Rebellion

Expelled foreigners from China, failed because of western armies, defeat of Chinese, enhanced control by Europeans and power of provincial officials

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Opium Wars

Britain vs. Qing China, fought to protect British control and trade of Opium, British victory, Hong Kong becomes a British trade port

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Taiping Rebellion

South China; Hong Xiquan, a semi Christianized prophet; wanted to overthrow Qing and Confucius bases of scholar gentry

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Crimean War

Russia attempts to attack Ottoman, opposed by France and Britain, Russian defeat in face of western industrial technology, led to the Tsar Alexander II reforms

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Revolution of 1905

Mass political and social unrest in Russian empire, worker strikes, peasant unrest, and military mutinies

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Matthew Perry’s arrival in Edo

Insisted opening Chinese ports to American trade in threat of naval bombardment, won rights for American trade in 1854

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Liberals

19th century Europe; stressed limited state interference in private life, representation of people in government; urged the importance of constitutional rule and parliaments

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Radicals

Followers of 19th century of western European political influence; advocated broader voting rights than Liberals; urged reforms in lower classes

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James Watt

Devised steam engine in the 1770’s that could be used in production for many industries; key step in industrial revolution

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Louis Pasteur

Discovery of germs and of the purification process named after him

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Karl Marx

German socialist who history as a class struggle between rulers and subjects; preached the inevitability of social revolution and the creation of a proletariat dictatorship

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Simon Bolivar

Creole military officer in northern South America; won victories in Venezuela, Columbia, and Ecuador between 1817 and 1822 that led to the independent state of Gran Columbia

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Benito Juarez

La Reforma; against the forces of Santa Ana

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Toussaint L’Overture

Leader of the slave rebellion in Latin America allegedly loyal to the deposed Bourbon King of Spain; they actually were Creole movements for independence; St. Domingue

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Mahmud II

Ottoman sultan; built a private, professional army; fomented revolution of Janissaries and crushed them with private army; destroyed power of Janissaries and their religious allies; initiated reform of Ottoman empire on western precedents

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Muhammad Ali

Won power struggle in Egypt following the fall of the Mamluks; established mastery of all Egypt by 1811; introduced effective army based on western tactics,; by 1830’s was able to challenge Ottoman government in Constantinople, died in 1848

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Manchus

From northeast of China empire; seized power following collapse of Ming dynasty; established Qing dynasty, last dynasty of China

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Cixi

Empress who dominated the last decades of Qing dynasty; supported Boxer Rebellion in 1898 as a means of driving out Westerners

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Causes of WW1

The direct cause of WWI was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand at Sarajevo on 28 June 1914

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Decline of Ottoman Empire

Internal forces:
Lack of strong leadership and able Sultans.
Failure of Turkey to modernize and industrialize quickly.
Decline in the quality of the Janissary corps and its increasing involvement in politics.

External factors:
The rise of Russia and Austria as major powers
WW1

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Tokugawa Shogunate

economic and societal changes occurred in Japan. -While merchants were officially among the lower social classes, they were able to wield economic power over the highest social class, the samurai
The government’s development and maintenance of roads provided a link between city and countryside, allowing information and ideas to spread and helping to shape a sense of Japan as a unified culture.

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MeijiRestoration

● Newgovernmentestablished underemperor
● Radicalreorganizationof government,military, economy,societyusing Westernmodels
● Goalisrevisionofunequal treaties,establishmentof Japanasequalamonggreat powers

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Cause of the French Revolution

enlightenment thinkers urging the need to limit the powers of the catholic church and the aristocracy; the middle class demand for greater political representation; the peasant desire for freedom from manoralism

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French Revolution began in...

1789

What piece of legislation gave the vote to many members of the middle class in great Britain?

The Reform Bill of 1832

Who was responsible for managing the unification of Italy

count camillo di cavour

what German conservative was responsible for the unification of Germany in 1871

otto von bismark

Who defeated the British at isandhlwana in January 1879

Zulus

in what way was the British experience in India different from that of the Dutch in java?

The existence of a global imperial rivalry with the French

What was the critical battle in which the British defeated a combined force of Indians and French

Plassey

Why did India become a pivot of the great British empire

the size of the indian land army; the utility of indian ports in maintaining British sea power; the existence of raw materials useful to the British industries

who was responsible for the sweeping reforms in india in 1790s

lord cornwallis

Tropical Dependencies

colonies in which small numbers of europeans ruled large numbers of non-western peoples

to which areas did most british foreign investment flow by 1913

white dominions

what event set the boer colony in south africa on a different path than the white dominions of canada and australia

the annexation of the colony by the british in 1815

what were results of the first contact between the maoris and europeans in 1790s

spread of alcoholism and prostitution; introduction of european firearms to maori warfare; introduction of european diseases such as small pox

hawaii was effectively opened to the west through the voyages of

Captain James Cook

who initiated the movement for independence in mexico by calling on the mestizos and indians to rebel in 1810

father miguel de hidalgo

the person responsible for the independence movement in argentina and chile was

Jose de san martin

in what way was the experience of the napoleonic wars different for portugal than for spain

the entire royal family fled from the french to brazil and established their capital there

Causes of increased consumerism and leisure time

Industrialism

Both the Dutch in Java and the British in India used this as a method to gain entry into the country

indigenous people as mercenaries

This republic was founded by the Boers in South Africa in the 1850s

Transvaal

This political ideology most favored by the allied powers of the congress of Vienna was

Conservatism

Chief cause of French and American revolutions was

the enlightenment

The class most responsible for the intellectual ferment and forces of change in Europe between 1750 and 1914 was the

Middle class

All of these were forces for change in Western Europe during the period 1750 – 1914 EXCEPT

Religious innovation

Which statement is a FACT about the world-wide influence of the American Revolution and early American government?

The American Revolution and early government impacted the later French, Haitian, and Latin American revolutionaries and their ideas

All of these led to the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789 EXCEPT:

An invasion of France by Prussia and Austria.

The ideas of the French Revolution spread most widely throughout Europe as a result of

The advances of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic armies.

The older European loyalty to established religions and God was often replaced after the French Revolution by

Nationalism and loyalty to the nation-state

All of these are ideas favored by 19th century European liberals EXCEPT:

State regulation of tariffs and trade.

The most significant change caused by the Industrial Revolution was the

Mechanization of production and application of power to manufacturing.

All of these were disruptions caused by the Industrial Revolution EXCEPT:

Increased birthrates and the rise of the middle class.

All of these demands were advocated by the 1848 revolutionaries EXCEPT:

Liberal constitutions with political rights and protections.

The new European power, which benefited from industrialization and nationalism, and which came to rival Great Britain in the 19th century, was

The German Empire

the social questions, demands for reform, and the need for monies to support the construction of railroads during the 19th century led to

The expansion of and increasing intervention by governments in society

Prior to 1830, the largest European colonial empire was

Great Britain

Prior to the Industrial revolution, most colonial acquisitions by European states

Tended to be improvised and influenced by local officials and local actions.

Prior to the Industrial revolution, most colonial acquisitions by European states

Tended to be improvised and influenced by local officials and local actions

British had first acquired its empire in India during the 18th century

Following successful wars against France for possessions in the South Asia.

Traditionally, British colonial practice in India during the 19th century was to

leave defeated princes on the throne and control them through advisors

All of these institutions and technologies were transmitted by the British to India through their colonial rule EXCEPT:

An alphabet and an advanced literate culture

European-style language schools and education had the greatest impact on which colonial peoples?

The children of the elite groups

Following the first Industrial Revolution, all of these nations challenged British traditional leadership in industry EXCEPT:

Canada

Generally, European leaders saw colonies as

Sources for raw minerals and potential markets

Active colonial policies seemed most popular with European

Lower middle and working classes

The most likely reason for the success of European colonial acquisitions during the 19th century would be

Superior European military and transportation technologies

By 1914, all of these nations remained independent of European control EXCEPT

India

Most European, American, and Japanese colonial possessions could BEST be classified as

Tropical Dependencies

With regard to social policies towards their colonial peoples, European governing officials

Legally mandated racial and ethnic segregation

Economically, European colonial powers encouraged their colonies to

Remain dependent on the mother country

Which group led the independence movements in most of Latin America?

American-born whites or creoles.

All of these events helped cause Latin American independence EXCEPT:

The Congress of Vienna

Haiti’s independence differed from other Latin American movements in that

It began as a slave revolt against slave owners and led to independence

Leaders of Latin American independence revolts were generally

Moderates, who wanted some democratic institutions but feared the masses

Brazil’s independence differed from the rest of Latin America in that it was

Declared and led by the Portuguese regent in Brazil, who became emperor.

Throughout Latin America, the Indian population

Remained largely outside the national political life.

In many 19th century Latin American nations, governments were in the hands of

Independent leaders or army commanders, who ruled regions by force.

What statement about 19th century Latin America politics is a FACT?

Federalists wanted tax and commercial policies set by local governments.

The Monroe Doctrine

Was proclaimed by the U.S. and supported by British navies.

The country that had the greatest commercial and financial investments and interests in Latin America in the 19th century was

Great Britain

The 19th century economies of Latin America can be described as largely

Slave Labor

The economic resurgence in Latin America at the end of the 19th century

Encouraged liberal reforms modeled after American or European examples

The Roman Catholic church in Latin America

Sided with the ruling elites and usually opposed liberal reforms

Brazil was different than most Latin American nations in the 19th century for all of these reasons EXCEPT:

Brazil remained a centralist state with few local autonomous institutions

After independence Latin America nations

Ended legal systems of discrimination but strong social barriers persisted.

The decline of the Ottoman Empire in the 18th and 19th centuries can be traced to all of these reasons EXCEPT:

Religious divisions within Islam.

The group that opposed most internal Ottoman reforms was the

Ruling religious, political, and social elites

The Tanzimat reforms in the Ottoman Empire

Improved the empire’s ability to fend off foreign aggressors

Reforms under the late Ottoman sultans and Young Turk leaders

Emphasized westernization and copied western models openly

Muhammad Ali’s attempts to reform Egypt in the 19th century failed because

He spent too much time attempting to conquer lands and failed to implement real reforms.

The strategic importance of Egypt changed by

Building the Suez Canal.

Although they were nomadic tribesmen from beyond the Great Wall, the Manchus, when they conquered China

Retained the Confucian gentry-scholars and much of the political system

Socially, the Manchu (Qing) rulers

Reinforced much of the Confucian value system including the family.

The sector of the Chinese economy and society over which the Qing rulers exercised the least control was the

Merchants and commercial interests

All of these ideas were supported by the Taiping rebels EXCEPT:

Outlawing Christian missionaries

In the last decades of the 19th century, the Chinese inability to reform or modernize was largely due to

Elites and the Dowager Empress, who would do nothing to limit their authority

In Russia, the supporters of Westernization and radical ideas were often

Nobles

In the 19th century and into the early 20th century, Russia

Remained a largely peasant society with an agrarian economy.

Russia’s 19th century underdevelopment was most dramatically revealed by

The Crimean War

Despite the emancipation of the serfs in Russia

Russia was careful to preserve imperial and aristocratic power and influence.

Industrially and socially, Russia was most transformed by

The construction of railroads, which opened markets, jobs, and movement.

Russia was assisted in its modernization and industrialization by

Giving aristocracy, church, and imperial lands to landless peasants

All of these influences led to 1905 Revolutions EXCEPT

Anarchist assassinations and agitations amongst peasants and workers.

Prior to the arrival of the American fleet and Commodore Perry, Japan

Was in self- imposed isolation

Westernization and modernization in Japan was most opposed by the

Landed aristocrats

Which of these statements is a FACT about the policies of the Meiji Restoration?

Political power was centralized and the Emperor’s authority was restored.

Japan avoided the fates of Qing China and the Ottoman Empire by

Reforming, modernization, westernization, and industrialization.

Industrialization in Japan

Relied heavily on government-supported and financed plans

All of these social and cultural changes were the results of the Japanese Industrial Revolution EXCEPT

Secularization of Japanese society.

Japanese imperialism

Sought natural resources for industry and gave ex-samurai jobs in the military.

As a way to smooth over strains within Japanese society caused by the Industrial Revolution, the government

Supported Japanese nationalism and foreign expansion

The nation which threatened Japanese colonial aspirations most in the late 19th and early 20th centuries was

Russia

Reforms under the late Ottoman sultans and Young Turk leaders

Emphasized westernization and copied western models openly

Contested Settler Colonies

Large scale European settlement despite large groups of indigenous people; generally resulted in clashes over land rights, resource control, social status, and difference in culture; south Africa, New Zealand, Kenya, Algeria, and Hawaii

Monarchy

political system based upon the undivided sovereignty or rule of a single person

Conservatism

Conservatives believe in personal responsibility, limited government, free markets, individual liberty, traditional American values and a strong national defense

2. The group that opposed most internal Ottoman reforms were the

ruling religious, political, and social elites.

Tanzimat Reforms

Western style university in Ottoman, state postal system, railways, legal reforms, new constitution in 1876

Russian Industrialization

Russia’s industrial revolution was later than most because the agricultural techniques used in the mid nineteenth century had not changed since the medieval period. The industries of coal, oil, iron, and textiles boomed once German and French backers began to invest in them. Trans- Siberian Railroad, etc.

Russian Philosophy

transformed with the introduction of Marxism and Communism, Bolshevik Revolution

Bolshevik Revolution

The Bolshevik faction of the communist party seized power under Lenin; 1917; worker strikes, discontent with Russia, new political and social regime