Chapter 23 Flashcards
French Revolution of 1789
Book- 1789- want for change, enlightened thinkers wanted to limit powers of the Catholic Church, aristocracy, and monarchy. Peasants wanted freedom from land lords. Middle class people with small businesses wanted a greater political role. Government was ineffective. French King- Louis XVI.
Notes- before- France had three estates. Majority of people in third estate. Economic problem- War debt from helping the US. Military Budget- 25% of Gov. revenues. Taxes increase. 1/3 of Paris unemployed. Food prices go up. INSPIRED BY- Enlightenment, success of American Rev. Third estate breaks away from National Assembly. Storming of Bastille. National Assembly Reforms France- SECOND ESTATE ABOLISHED AND SO IS SERFDOM. Inspires revolutions in Haiti and South America.
Atlas- 1791- France was a republic.
Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen
Book- revolution underway- 1789-proclaimed Freedom of thought. Like American Dec of ind. Natural rights- Liberty, property, security, resistance to oppression. -> Riot of Bastille (July 14)
Notes- limits if natural rights determined by law. Written by Thomas Jefferson and National Assembly. Written in the beginning of the French Revolution, written right after the storming of Bestille.
Framework- One of the Revolutionary Documents, EFFECT- Influences existing challenges on social relations. Leads to the abolition of slavery, end of serfdom, and expanded suffrage.
Declaration of the Rights of Woman
Book- feminist movement. Want for legal and economic gains for women. Equal access to professions and higher education. Right to vote.
Notes- Change- challenge to the patriarchal society. Written in 1739. Directly used the declaration of rights of man- revised- Olympe de Gouges
Framework- Demands for women suffrage and an emergent feminism challenged political and gender hierarchies. Ex: Mary Wollstonecraft’s “A Vindication of the Rights of Women”
Napoleon Bonaparte
Book- 1799- general who turned the revolutionary republic to authoritative empire. Reduced parliament. Powerful police system-> limited freedom of expression. Equality to men not women. New law codes. Developed secondary schools and universities. He encouraged popular nationalism outside/ inside France. Resistance to Napoleon- Spain, Germany, play role in final French defeat.
Notes- later an emperor. Creates Civil Law Code- All MEN are equal. Women lose power. New constitution that names him Consul for life (Link- Roman Empire).
Atlas- 1799 Napoleon seized power. Five years later crowned himself emperor. Placed relatives and friends on thrones in Italy, Holland, Spain, Germany, and Poland. Waterloo war- in France, he loses and dies in second exile.
Industrialization
Book- Development of industries.
Notes- new revolutions between workers (Proletariat) and (Bourgeoisie). More info on Second Rev. Card.
Framework- imperialism-> Extensive mining centers. Ex: Copper mines in Mexico and Gold/ Diamond mines in South Africa. State-Sponsored industrialization ex: Meiji reforms, Trans-Siberian railroad, China’s self strengthening movement, Muhammad Ali’s cotton textile industry in Egypt.
Second industrial Revolution
Notes- European tech: Steam engine (Watt), canals, railroads.
Impacts: 1800s -> (steam engines- Coal). 1850s-> (Internal combustion engines- Oil). Canals- Travel/ Communication. Steam ships- Both. Railroads- Both. Telegraphs- communication.
Factory system develops.
RESPONSES- Unions- Attempt to negotiate higher wages, safer conditions, time off work.
Socialism- UTOPIAN society (Charlie Chaplin) critical of industrial society. Communists- workers to control state. Some Govs tried to reform. Public education in US and West.
GERMANY LEADS. 1850->
Framework- leads to new methods in the production of steel, chemicals, electricity and precision machinery during the second half of 1800s
Adam Smith
Book- Discredited mercantilism. Established liberal economics. Argued that gov. Should avoid regulation of economy in favor of the operation of market forces.
Notes- Capitalism.
Framework- capitalism (one of the inspirations for economic change) Financial instruments: Stock markets, Insurance, Gold Standard, Limited liability corporations.
John Stuart Mill
Book- Liberty- Individuality.
Notes- liberal. Social reformer. Promoted freedom of individuals. Called for Taxation of business profits. Equality to WOMEN and working men. Right to vote (suffrage). Voting rights and restrictions.
Framework: Same as Adam Smith + classic liberalism. discontent with imperial rule encouraged political ideologies (liberalism).
Limited Liability Corporation
Notes- 1850s- 1860s. Britain and France lay legal foundations for modern corporation (Private business owned by hundreds). Large investments in land, labor, or machinery. INDUSTRIALISM- railroads, shipping lines, iron, steel, military weapons. Capitalist market (factory system)
Framework: Investments. Bankers and investors. Law protects their money.
James Watt
Notes- Britain takes the lead b/c technological innovations. Raw material (Iron+Coal) leads to JAMES WATT- STEAM ENGINE. Surplus of labor-> unemployed farmers. Increase in population. New raw material from COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE.
Socialism
Book- depended on the power of grievances of the working class, with allies from other groups. Reflected a redefinition of political theory-> Karl Marx- Communism.
Notes- critical of industrial society that promoted economic inequality. Worked to “equalize everyone”. Utopian (perfect society)- communism.
Framework- alternative vision. Industrialized states, workers organized themselves to improve working conditions, limit hours, gain higher wages, BUT OPPOSED CAPITALIST-> want the utopian socialism.
Karl Marx (Proletariat & Bourgeoisie)
Book- set up end of capitalism. His doctrine provided encouragement and structure- Working class activity revived. Communism.
Notes- Proletariat-> Workers, Bourgeoisie-> Owners.
LOOK ON COMMUNISM CARD.
Framework- Alternative Visions. Capitalism. Marxism. New social classes: middle class, the industrial working class developed.
Communism
Notes- Karl Marx believed all history is a class struggle between the owners and workers. Communists urged that the workers seize control of the state, redistribute wealth.
Nationalism
Book- Nationalism-> execution of King Louis XVI, Mary Antoinette. Nationalism continued to spread and Conservatives are forced to work with liberals. SERFDOM AND SLAVERY ABOLISHED THROUGHOUT EUROPE ( NOT RUSSIA)
Notes- Otto Von Bismarck of PRUSSIA unites conservative and liberals through nationalism. Nationalist rebellion- Cavour. Stages wars to increase nationalism. Press promote mass education. Universal Male suffrage.
John Locke and Social Contract
Notes- Social Contract: The people surrender to the state the power needed to keep things in line and the state agrees to protect its citizens, by contract. Key effect- Constitution. Enlightened philosophers: page 8: Thomas Hobbes and John Locke. Rights: Life, Liberty, Property. Can amend (change constitution). Thomas Jefferson follows John Locke’s philosophy.
