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Biology 104 - UNBC > Chapter 23 - Bacteria and Archea > Flashcards

Chapter 23 - Bacteria and Archea Flashcards

(86 cards)

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1
Q

2 domains of prokaryotes

A

Archae and Bacteria

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2
Q

Archae and Bacteria

A

2 domains of prokaryotes

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3
Q

How big are most prokaryotes

A

Microscopic but grow in large quantities

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4
Q

How many prokaryotes would be in a handful of fertile soil

A

More than the amount of people that have ever lived

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5
Q

Where do prokaryotes thrive

A

Everywhere, even area uninhabitable by other organisms

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6
Q

Are prokaryotes unicellular or multicellular

A

They are unicellular but grow in colonies

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7
Q

How big are most prokaryotic cells

A

.5-5 micrometers

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8
Q

How big are most eukaryotic cells

A

10-100 micrometers

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9
Q

What are the three common shapes of bacteria

A

Cocci, bacilli, and spirillum(spiral)

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10
Q

Cocci

A

Spherical shaped prokaryote

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11
Q

Bacilli

A

Rod shaped prokaryote

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12
Q

Spirillum

A

Spiral shaped prokaryotes

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13
Q

What other shape of prokaryote exists

A

Square shaped

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14
Q

What cell structure is present on nearly all prokaryotes and what do they do

A

Cell walls

They protect the cell, provide structure, and prevent bursting in a hypotonic environment

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15
Q

What are eukaryotic cell walls made of

A

Cellulose or chitin

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16
Q

What do bacterial walls contain

A

Peptidoglycan

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17
Q

What is peptidoglycan

A

A network of sugar polymers cross-linked by polypeptides

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18
Q

What components make up archaean cell walls

A

Polysaccharides and proteins

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19
Q

What do archaean cell walls lack

A

Peptidoglycan

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20
Q

What is a common way of classifying bacterial species

A

Gram-staining

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21
Q

What component if prokaryotic cells does gram-staining use

A

Cell wall composition

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22
Q

What are characteristics of gram-negative bacteria

A

Less peptidoglycan
Toxic coatings
Antibiotic resistant

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23
Q

What are characteristics of gram-positive bacteria

A

Cell walls have about 90% peptidoglycan within them
Less toxic
Not antibiotic resistant

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24
Q

Gram pos + neg slide diagram

A

Diggy

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25
What protective feature do some prokaryotes have
A protective capsule
26
What do fimbrae do
Allow cells to stick to substrate or other cells
27
Do prokaryotic cells have fimbrae
Some do
28
Describe sex pili and what they do
They are longer than Fimbrae and allow for DNA exchange
29
What are flagella used for
Movement
30
4 outer characteristics of prokaryotes
Fimbrae Sex pili Flagella Capsule
31
What do prokaryotic cells lack
Complex compartmentalization
32
What do specialized membranes do for prokaryotic cells
They perform metabolic functions
33
Which genome has more DNA
Eukaryotic genome
34
Which genome has less DNA
Prokaryotic genome
35
Where is genetic material located in prokaryotes
In the nucleoid of the cell
36
What does the prokaryotic genome consist of
A circular chromosome
37
What kind of smaller rings of DNA do some bacteria have
Plasmids
38
How often do prokaryotes reproduce
Every 1-3 hours
39
How do prokaryotes reproduce
By binary fission
40
Are prokaryotic offspring genetically identical
Yes
41
Are mutation rates high or low during binary fission
Low
42
What can cause mutations to still arise at fast rates
Rapid reproduction
43
How many e.coli can be produced in a day in a human host
9 million
44
What allows for rapid evolution
High diversity from mutations
45
What is conjunction
A process in which plasmid DNA is transferred directly between cells through direct contact
46
What structure is used during conjunction
Sex pili
47
What is transformation
When a bacteria collects DNA from broken down organisms and incorporates it into its own genome
48
What is transduction
It is the process of bacteria swapping genes through a viral vector
49
Who obtains energy from light
Phototrophs
50
Chemotrophs
Obtain energy from chemicals
51
What do autotrophs require
The require CO2 as a carbon source
52
What do heterotrophs require
Organic nutrients to make an organic compound
53
What are the four major modes of nutrition
Chemoautotroph Chemoheterotroph Photoautotroph Photoheterotroph
54
Who uses chemoautotrophy
Some bacteria and archaea
55
Who uses chemoheterotrophy
Some bacteria and archaea as well as fungi, animals, and some plants
56
Who are photoautrotrophs
Bacteria, protists, and most plants
57
Who are photoheterotrophs
Some bacteria
58
What does cooperation allow prokaryotes to do
Use environmental resources they could not use as individual cells
59
What is Nostoc
A cyanobacteria
60
What organism is a close relative to Nostoc
Anabaena
61
What are heterocytes?
A specialized thick walled cell used for nitrogen fixation
62
How does Anabaena exchange metabolic products (nitrogens for sugars)
They use photosynthetic cells and nitrogen fixing cells
63
How long ago did cyanobacteria start aggregating
3.5 billion years ago
64
What did early systemisists base prokaryotic taxonomy on and until what time?
They based it on phenotypic criteria until the late 20th century
65
What has changed how we perceive prokaryotic phyloigeny
Applying molecular systemics to the previous ideas
66
What has the new system of taxonomy allowed systematists to do
Identify major new clades
67
5 types of bacteria in the domain Bacteria
``` Proteobacteria Cyanobacteria Gram-Positive Bacteria Spirochetes Chlamydias ```
68
4 types of archaea in the domain Archaea
Euryachaeota Crenarchaeota Korarcheota Lokiarchaeota
69
1 type of eukaryote in the domain Eukarya
Eukaryotes
70
What ancestor do all the domains trace back to
LUCA
71
What are archaea that live in extreme environments called
Extremophiles
72
What archaea live in highly saline environments
Extreme halophiles
73
What archaea live in very hot environments
Extreme thermophiles
74
What arechaes live in swamps and marshes
Methanogens
75
What do methanogens produce as a waste product
Methane
76
What kind of respiration do methanogens use
They are strict anaerobes, poisoned by oxygen
77
What has revealed many new groups of Archaea and Bacteria in recent years
Genetic prospecting
78
Was do new findings in the prokaryotes provide
They provide more clues to the early evolution of life on Earth
79
What domain makes up most prokaryotes
Bacteria
80
Do bacteria use one or many nutritional types
The major groups use many diverse nutritional types
81
What ways do bacteria get nutrients
Converting atmospheric nitrogen in host tissues to construct proteins Be pathogenic and/or parasitic Produce oxygen through photosynthesis Decompose soil organics
82
What is a major role of prokaryotes
Recycling nutrients between living and nonliving systems
83
What form do may prokaryotes appear in
As films or aggregations
84
What do nitrogen-fixing prokaryotes do for the environment
They add usable nitrogen to the environment
85
What prokaryotes function as decomposers
Chemoheterotrophic prokaryotes
86
What do chemoheterotrophic prokaryotes do
Break down corpses, vegetation, and wast products in a systematic way that appears predictable

Biology 104 - UNBC (12 decks)

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