Chapter 23: Biology Outlines Flashcards
(105 cards)
1
Q
Animal ____ ____ vary widely in _____ and ____ (whales - rotifers)
A
body plans; shape; size
2
Q
Animals are found nearly _________ on Earth
A
everywhere
3
Q
All animals share a set of _______ ______________ that set them apart
A
derived characteristics
4
Q
All animals are ___________ __________ (they have ______ cells and eat _____ ________ to gain nutrients)
A
multicellular heterotrophs; multiple; other organisms
5
Q
_______: A three-stranded _______ unique to animals; it is found in skin, bones, ligaments, fingernails, and hair
A
Collagen; protein
6
Q
Individual collagen proteins combine with one another to form ____-____ ______ that are strong and flexible (wraps around an animal cell)
A
rope-like fibers
7
Q
Animals do not alternate between ____-______ ______ and ______ stages
A
free-living diploid; haploid
8
Q
Animal parents are ______ so they produce ______ offspring
A
diploid; diploid
9
Q
Some kinds of animals can reproduce _______ and ________
A
sexually; asexually
10
Q
______ ____: Have ___ copies of each chromosomes (___ from Mom and ___ from Dad)
A
Diploid cells; two; one; one
11
Q
____ _____ are diploid (2n)
A
Body cells
12
Q
_______ _____: Class of genes that control _____ __________
A
Homeotic genes; early development
13
Q
_______ _____ (___ _____): Define the ____-____ pattern of development in animal ______; determine the position of ____ ____________
A
Homeobox genes; Hox genes; head-tail; embryos; cell differentiation
14
Q
A _______ in a homeotic gene can lead to the development of a ____ ________ in the _____ position
A
mutation; body structure; wrong
15
Q
Animals are ______ but share common characteristics
A
diverse
16
Q
All animals share a set of ____________
A
characteristics
17
Q
All animals are __________ _________
A
multicellular heterotrophs
18
Q
Animal cells are supported by _______
A
collagen
19
Q
Animals are ______ and usually reproduce ______
A
diploid; sexually
20
Q
Most animals have ___ genes
A
hox
21
Q
________: Animal with an internal segmented _______
A
Vertebrate; backbone
22
Q
Vertebrates make up less than _% of all animal species
A
5
23
Q
___________: Animals without a _______
A
Invertebrates; backbones
24
Q
______: Groups of animals that are defined by _______ and _______ characteristics (differ from other animal groups)
A
Phylum; structural; functional
25
Each animal phylum has a unique ____ ____
body plan
26
Invertebrates encompass most animal groups (_________ 86%; ______ 6%; _____ 5%; ______, ________, __________ etc. 3%)
Arthropods; mollusks; worms; sponges, cnidarians, echinoderms
27
Differences in ___ ___ result from differences in expression of ___ _____
body plan; Hox genes
28
Hox genes tell ________ cells which ____ ____ to become (head etc.)
embryonic; body part
29
_________ in Hox genes can change an animal's entire ____ ____
Mutations; body plan
30
Mutations led to a vast _______ of animal species
diversity
31
Three criteria are used to categorize animals:
1. ____ ____ ________
2. Number of ______ ______
3. _________ ______
Body plan symmetry; tissue layers; developmental patterns
32
_______ Symmetry: Animals that can be ______ divided along only one ____, which splits it into mirror-image sides
Bilateral; equally; plane
33
______ Symmetry: Animals that have body parts arranged in a circle around a _____ ____
Radial; central axis
34
Bilateral animals are triploblastic, meaning they have _ distinct tissue layers
3
35
_______: Layer #_: Outer layer that develops into the skin, brain, and nervous system
Ectoderm; 1
36
_______: Layer #_: Inner layer that lines the animal's gut
Endoderm; 2
37
_______: Layer #_: Middle layer that develops into tissues and organs
Mesoderm; 3
38
Radial animals have only _ distinct tissue layers (ectoderm & _______)
2; endoderm
39
Animals are separated into 2 major divisions: _________ and __________
protostomes; deuterostomes
40
__________: Mouth is formed first and the anus second
Protostomes
41
____________: Anus is formed first and the mouth second
Deuterostomes
42
The current organization of the animal kingdom shows some unexpected ________
relationships
43
Technological advancements help to clarify _________ relationship
evolutionary
44
More than __% of all animal species are invertebrates
95
45
______: Most primitive animals on Earth
Sponges
46
Some sponge fossils are more than ___ million years old
570
47
________ evidence says that sponges are related to groups of ______
Molecular; protists
48
Sponges lack _____ and ____ cells, so they are _____ (unable to move from where they are attached)
muscle; nerve; sessile
49
Sponges secrete _____ _________ to prevent other sponges from growing in their area and to protect themselves from predators and parasites
toxic substances
50
Sponges reproduce sexually and asexually (______)
budding
51
Sponges are _____ _______ (eat by straining particles out of the water)
filter feeders
52
Sponges do not have _____, however, they have ___________ _____
tissues; specialized cells
53
__________: Thin, leathery cells that form the sponge’s outer layer
Pinacocytes
54
__________: Form the inner layer of the sponge (“_____ cells”)
Choanocytes; collar
55
___________: Mobile cells found in between two cell layers
Amoebocytes
56
Amoebocytes can transport __ to sponge, repair ______, and help _____
O2; injuries; growth
57
Unlike sponges, ________ can move
cnidarians
58
Cnidarians have two body forms: the _____ and the _____
polyp; medusa
59
______: Cylindrical tubes w/____ & ______ facing ______(corals)
Polyps; mouth; tentacles; upward
60
_______: Umbrella-shaped w/mouth & tentacles facing ____ (jellies)
Medusas; down
61
Cnidarians can reproduce sexually or asexually
Just a note :)
62
Polyps reproduce by _______ & medusas reproduce _______
budding; sexually
63
Cnidarian bodies have _ _____ layers divided by the ________ (jelly material)
2 tissue; mesoglea
64
The _____ layer of tissue is made up of _____ types of ____
outer; three; cells
65
_________ Cells: Cover the surface of the cnidarian
Contracting
66
_____ Cells: Interconnect to form a network to send ______ information
Nerve; sensory
67
________: Specialized cells that contain stinging structures for ______ and _________ ____ (nematocyst)
Cnidocytes; defense; capturing
68
Cnidarian classes:
1. _______: sea anemonies & corals (dominant _____ form)
2. ________: hydra (alternate between forms)
3. _________: jellyfish (dominant _____ form)
4. ________: sea wasps (dominant _____ form)
Anthozoa; polyps; Hydrozoa; Scyphozoa; medusa; Cubozoa; medusa
69
________: Have a solid body and an incomplete or absent ___
Flatworms; gut
70
Flatworms lack a ___________ _______
circulatory system
71
Classes of flatworms
1. __________: Free-living, nonparasitic flatworms
2. ______: Parasites that feed on the body fluids of other animals
3. __________: Parasites that live in vertebrate guts
Planarians; Flukes; Tapeworms
72
Mollusks and all other bilateral animals have a complete _______ _____
digestive tract
73
__________ ________ _____: Consists of two openings (_____ & ____) at opposite ends of a continuous tube (animals with this eat continuously)
Complete Digestive Tract; mouth; anus
74
Flatworms are the only bilateral animal without a _______ _________ ______
complete digestive tract
75
All mollusks share at least one of these three features
1. ______: A file-like feeding organ
2. _____: An area of tissue covering the internal organs
3. _______: Flat gills found in the pocket of mantle tissue (mantle cavity)
Radula; Mantle; Ctenidia
76
_________: Consists of spaces between cells within the animal’s tissues (blood is pumped through here)
Hemocoel
77
Mollusks are classified into three (of seven) classes
1. _________: Make up over half the species in a mollusk phylum (_____)
2. _________ (_______): A soft body protected by 2 hard shells (_____)
3. ___________: The nervous system & eye are highly developed (____)
Gastropoda; snails; Pelecypods (Bivalves); clams; Cephalopods; squid
78
Mollusks use a variety of reproductive strategies (most involve ______)
sexual
79
Some species are ___________ (male & female reproductive organs)
hermaphrodites
80
________ share more similarities in their ____ ____ than mollusks do
Annelids; body plans
81
There are three groups of annelids: _________, _____ ____, and _____
earthworms; marine worms; leeches
82
Annelid groups are characterized by _________: the division of an organism’s body
segmentation
83
________: A fluid-filled space completely surrounded by _____
Coelom; muscle
84
Annelid reproduction may be sexual or asexual (____________)
fragmentation
85
Earthworms are ____________
hermaphrodites
86
__________: Also called _______ are the most numerous kinds of animal in terms of numbers and species diversity
Roundworms; nematodes
87
Roundworms are _________ with ______ symmetry
protostomes; bilateral
88
Roundworms have a tough exoskeleton called a ____
cuticle
89
_______: Made of ____ & must be ___ when the animal grows larger
Cuticle; chitin; shed
90
Muscle from the roundworm is separated from the central gut tube by a fluid-filled space (__________)
pseudocoelom
91
Called a pseudocoelom because it is not completely lined by _____
muscle
92
Roundworms do not have _______ or ______ systems, but they do have a _______ system
circulatory; respiratory; digestive
93
Most roundworms reproduce _______
sexually
94
Roundworms are ______ of nearly every plant and animal species; they can cause a lot of damage to ____, hurting the economy; others infect ______
parasites; crops; humans
95
________: Found within the ________ tract of its host; feeds on the host’s blood; infects the host when they walk over contaminated ____
Hookworms; digestive; soil
96
________: Found in the gut of its host; occur when host swallows ____ picked up from contaminated ______
Pinworms; eggs; surfaces
97
______ _____: Found in the ____ and ________ tissue of hosts; occur when the host drinks contaminated _____
Guinea Worms; guts; connective; water
98
Echinoderms are on the same __________ _____ as _________
evolutionary branch; vertebrates
99
Echinoderms have _____ _______
radial symmetry
100
Echinoderms have an ______ skeleton made up of tiny interlocking calcium-based plates called _______ (embedded within the ____)
internal; ossicles; skin
101
Echinoderms have a _____ ______ _____: a series of water-filled radial canals that extend along each arm from the ring canal surrounding the central disk (_____ canals store water used for _______ and _______)
water vascular system; radial; circulation; movement
102
Changes in water pressure _____ and _____ ___ ___
extend; retract; tube feet
103
Echinoderms have a complete ________ system
digestive
104
Echinoderms (___ _____) can ______ limbs and other body parts (a portion of the ______ ____ must remain)
sea stars; regenerate; central disk
105
There are Five Classes of Echinoderms
1. _______: Feather stars & sea lilies
2. _______: Sea stars
3. __________: Brittle stars & basket stars
4. ________: Sea urchins, sea biscuits, and sand dollars
5. ___________: Sea cucumbers
Crinoidea; Asteroidea; Ophiuroidea; Echinoidea; Holothuroidea
