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Bs bio 200 class > Chapter 23 circulatory > Flashcards

Chapter 23 circulatory Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the septum in the heart?A) Prevents O2-rich blood from mixing with O2-poor bloodB) Prevents O2-poor blood from mixing with O2-rich bloodC) Separates the atria from the ventriclesD) Facilitates the flow of blood through the heart

A

B) Prevents O2-poor blood from mixing with O2-rich blood

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2
Q

Which side of the heart contains the aorta?A) Right sideB) Left sideC) Both sidesD) None of the above

A

B) Left side

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3
Q

What are the thin-walled chambers in the heart called?A) VentriclesB) AtriaC) ValvesD) Septum

A

B) Atria

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4
Q

What is the function of the semilunar valves in the heart?A) Prevent backflow of bloodB) Separate the atria from the ventriclesC) Control the flow of blood to the lungsD) Regulate the heartbeat

A

A) Prevent backflow of blood

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5
Q

What causes a heart murmur in some individuals?A) Leaky semilunar valvesB) Leaky atrioventricular valvesC) High blood pressureD) Rheumatic fever

A

B) Leaky atrioventricular valves

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6
Q

What is the correct definition of an artery?A) A vessel that takes blood toward the heartB) A vessel that takes blood away from the heartC) A vessel that carries O2-poor bloodD) A vessel that carries O2-rich blood

A

B) A vessel that takes blood away from the heart

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7
Q

What is the term used to describe the heart’s pumping action?A) Cardiac cycleB) SystoleC) DiastoleD) Heartbeat

A

A) Cardiac cycle

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8
Q

What causes the familiar lub-dub sound of the heart?A) Atria contractionB) Ventricles contractionC) Closing of heart valvesD) Opening of heart valves

A

C) Closing of heart valves

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9
Q

During which phase does the blood flow from the atria to the ventricles?A) Atrial systoleB) Ventricular systoleC) Atrial and ventricular diastoleD) None of the above

A

A) Atrial systole

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10
Q

What is the pulse rate used to determine?A) Blood pressureB) Heart rateC) Oxygen levels in the bloodD) Arterial elasticity

A

B) Heart rate

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11
Q

What is the term for the process in which the chambers of the heart fill with blood? A) Systole B) Diastole C) Atrial systole D) Ventricular diastole

A

B) Diastole

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12
Q

What does the P wave on an ECG represent? A) Atrial depolarization B) Atrial repolarization C) Ventricular depolarization D) Ventricular repolarization

A

A) Atrial depolarization

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13
Q

During which phase of the cardiac cycle do the AV valves open, allowing blood to flow into the ventricles from the atria? A) Atrial systole B) Ventricular systole C) Ventricular diastole D) Atrial diastole

A

D) Atrial diastole

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14
Q

What is the heart sound associated with the closure of the AV valve known as? A) S1 B) S2 C) Lub D) Dub

A

A) S1

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15
Q

Which part of the ECG wave represents ventricular repolarization? A) P wave B) QRS complex C) ST segment D) T wave

A

D) T wave

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16
Q

What causes the aortic and pulmonary valves to close during the cardiac cycle? A) Atrial systole B) Ventricular systole C) Atrial diastole D) Ventricular diastole

A

B) Ventricular systole

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17
Q

What occurs when intraventricular pressure falls below the pressure in the atria? A) Atrial repolarization B) Closure of AV valves C) Ventricular diastole D) Initiation of the cardiac cycle

A

D) Initiation of the cardiac cycle

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18
Q

What is the role of the sinoatrial (SA) node in the cardiac cycle? A) Initiating atrial depolarization B) Initiating ventricular repolarization C) Closing the AV valves D) Opening the aortic and pulmonary valves

A

A) Initiating atrial depolarization

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19
Q

What is the term for the process in which blood is expelled from the ventricles? A) Systole B) Diastole C) Atrial systole D) Ventricular diastole

A

A) Systole

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20
Q

What represents the spread of action potentials from the SA node across the walls of the atria on an ECG? A) QRS complex B) P wave C) ST segment D) T wave

A

B) P wave

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21
Q

What is the function of the pulmonary circuit in the cardiac cycle? A. To deliver blood to and from the systemic capillaries B. To deliver blood to and from the pulmonary capillaries C. To regulate the heartbeat D. To control the flow of oxygen in the blood

A

B. To deliver blood to and from the pulmonary capillaries

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22
Q

What happens when the atria contract during the cardiac cycle? A. Blood is forced into the ventricles through the semilunar valves B. Blood flows from the ventricles into the atria C. Blood is directed through the atrioventricular valves into the arteries D. Blood is forced into the ventricles through the atrioventricular valves

A

D. Blood is forced into the ventricles through the atrioventricular valves

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23
Q

Which part of the heart serves as the intrinsic pacemaker? A. Right auricle B. Left auricle C. Right ventricle D. SA node

A

D. SA node

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24
Q

What is the purpose of the AV node in the cardiac cycle? A. To control the flow of blood in the heart B. To regulate the heartbeat C. To cause the ventricles to contract D. To deliver blood to and from the pulmonary capillaries

A

C. To cause the ventricles to contract

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25
Q

How does an artificial pacemaker correct a slow heartbeat? A. By delivering blood to the organs in the systemic circuit B. By generating variable electrical signals C. By automatically giving an electrical stimulus to the heart D. By controlling the flow of oxygen in the blood

A

C. By automatically giving an electrical stimulus to the heart

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26
Q

Which node is responsible for generating the action potential that initiates the heart contraction? a) Atrioventricular node b) Sinoatrial node c) Purkinje fibers d) Atrioventricular bundle

A

b) Sinoatrial node

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27
Q

What is the purpose of the atrioventricular node in the heart’s electrical conduction system? a) To slow down the action potential to allow the atria to contract b) To rapidly conduct the action potential to the ventricles c) To regulate the heart rate through the release of hormones d) To coordinate the opening and closing of the pulmonary and aortic valves

A

a) To slow down the action potential to allow the atria to contract

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28
Q

Which nerve is activated during activities such as yoga and meditation, leading to a slowed heart rate? a) Vagus nerve b) Sympathetic nerve c) Parasympathetic nerve d) Adrenal nerve

A

a) Vagus nerve

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29
Q

What is the purpose of a defibrillator in the treatment of ventricular fibrillation? a) To regulate the heart rate b) To apply a strong electrical current to stop uncoordinated ventricular contraction c) To stimulate the release of hormones to slow down the heart rate d) To detect and record the electrical changes in the heart muscle

A

b) To apply a strong electrical current to stop uncoordinated ventricular contraction

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30
Q

What is the purpose of an electrocardiogram (ECG)? a) To regulate the heart rate b) To record the electrical changes in the heart muscle during a cardiac cycle c) To coordinate the opening and closing of the pulmonary and aortic valves d) To slow down the action potential to allow the atria to contract

A

b) To record the electrical changes in the heart muscle during a cardiac cycle

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31
Q

Which blood vessels transport blood away from the heart? A. Arteries B. Capillaries C. Veins D. Arterioles

A

A. Arteries

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32
Q

What allows arteries to accommodate the sudden increase in blood volume after each heartbeat? A. Red blood cells B. Smooth muscle and elastic fibers C. Epithelial cells D. Connective tissue

A

B. Smooth muscle and elastic fibers

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33
Q

Which blood vessels can be regulated by the nervous system to control blood flow based on the body’s needs? A. Arteries B. Veins C. Capillaries D. Arterioles

A

D. Arterioles

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34
Q

What are the walls of capillaries composed of? A. Smooth muscle and elastic fibers B. Only epithelium C. Connective tissue D. Endothelium and muscular tissue

A

B. Only epithelium

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35
Q

What controls the entrance to a capillary bed? A. Connective tissue B. Smooth muscle C. Precapillary sphincters D. Endothelium

A

C. Precapillary sphincters

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36
Q

Which blood vessels carry blood back to the heart? A. Arteries B. Veins C. Arterioles D. Venules

A

B. Veins

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37
Q

What aids the flow of venous blood back to the heart during inhalation? A. Constriction of veins B. Increase in abdominal pressure C. Expansion of the chest D. Relaxation of precapillary sphincters

A

C. Expansion of the chest

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38
Q

What prevents a backflow of blood within the veins? A. Smooth muscle B. Endothelium C. Valve D. Connective tissue

A

C. Valve

39
Q

What causes veins to bulge and be visible on the skin’s surface? A. Excessive stretching B. Overexpansion of arteries C. Failure of precapillary sphincters D. Hemorrhoids

A

A. Excessive stretching

40
Q

Which circulatory pathway moves blood to and from the lungs? A. Pulmonary circuit B. Systemic circuit C. Coronary circuit D. Renal circuit

A

A. Pulmonary circuit

41
Q

What is the correct sequence of blood flow in the systemic circuit? A) Right ventricle, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, left atrium B) Left ventricle, aorta, arteries, capillaries, veins C) Inferior vena cava, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary trunk D) Aorta, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins, left atrium

A

B) Left ventricle, aorta, arteries, capillaries, veins

42
Q

Which organ modifies substances absorbed by the intestines and monitors the normal composition of the blood? A) Liver B) Spleen C) Thymus D) Tonsil

A

A) Liver

43
Q

What is the function of the lymphatic vessels in the body? A) Transport oxygen-rich blood to the heart B) Remove cellular debris and bacteria from the blood C) Take up excess interstitial fluid and return it to cardiovascular veins D) Produce majority of the types of blood cells

A

C) Take up excess interstitial fluid and return it to cardiovascular veins

44
Q

What is the location where lymphocytes from the immune system mature? A) Spleen B) Thymus C) Tonsil D) Red bone marrow

A

B) Thymus

45
Q

Which structure protects the small and large intestine from infection? A) Thymus B) Tonsil C) Red bone marrow D) Appendix

A

D) Appendix

46
Q

What is the purpose of the lymphatic system in the body? a) To transport oxygen to the cells b) To take up excess interstitial fluid and transport it as lymph c) To regulate blood pressure d) To produce red blood cells

A

b) To take up excess interstitial fluid and transport it as lymph

47
Q

Which duct is much larger, serving the lower limbs, abdomen, left arm, and left sides of both the head and the neck? a) Thoracic duct b) Right lymphatic duct c) Left lymphatic duct d) Abdominal duct

A

a) Thoracic duct

48
Q

What is the purpose of the cardiovascular system in the body? a) To maintain homeostasis b) To produce lymph c) To transport interstitial fluid d) To regulate lymphatic pressure

A

a) To maintain homeostasis

49
Q

At which end of the capillary does water tend to leave due to higher blood pressure? a) Venous end b) Middle of the capillary c) Arterial end d) Lymphatic end

A

c) Arterial end

50
Q

What are the two forces involved in the exchange of water at the capillaries? a) Blood pressure and lymphatic pressure b) Osmotic pressure and lymphatic pressure c) Blood pressure and osmotic pressure d) Blood flow and lymphatic flow

A

c) Blood pressure and osmotic pressure

51
Q

At the venous end of the capillary, fluid molecules enter the capillary through the capillary wall under a negative net filtration pressure. What percentage of the fluid reenters the capillary near the venous end? A) One-fifth B) One-tenth C) Half D) Nine-tenths

A

D) Nine-tenths

52
Q

What is the main difference between lymph and plasma? A) Lymph contains more protein B) Lymph contains fewer nutrients C) Lymph contains more waste products D) Lymph contains much less protein

A

D) Lymph contains much less protein

53
Q

What happens to skin capillaries when the body is warm? A) They close, conserving heat B) They open, helping rid the body of excess heat C) They remain unchanged D) They dilate, increasing blood flow

A

B) They open, helping rid the body of excess heat

54
Q

How is excess interstitial fluid collected in the body? A) Absorbed by red blood cells B) Returned to the heart through arteries C) Collected by lymphatic capillaries and becomes lymph D) Excreted through the kidneys

A

C) Collected by lymphatic capillaries and becomes lymph

55
Q

Where is lymph returned to the cardiovascular system? A) Pulmonary arteries B) Renal veins C) Subclavian veins in the shoulder region D) Hepatic portal vein

A

C) Subclavian veins in the shoulder region

56
Q

At the venous end of the capillary, how do fluid molecules enter the capillary? A) Through the lymphatic capillaries B) Through the capillary wall under a positive net filtration pressure C) Through the capillary wall under a negative net filtration pressure D) Through the arterial end of the capillary

A

C) Through the capillary wall under a negative net filtration pressure

57
Q

What proportion of fluid reenters the capillary near the venous end? A) One-tenth B) Two-thirds C) Nine-tenths D) Half

A

C) Nine-tenths

58
Q

What is the composition of lymph compared to plasma? A) Lymph contains more protein B) Lymph contains all the components of plasma, including the same amount of protein C) Lymph contains much less protein than plasma D) Lymph contains no components of plasma

A

C) Lymph contains much less protein than plasma

59
Q

How is excess interstitial fluid collected? A) By the arterial end of the capillary B) By the venous end of the capillary C) By the lymphatic capillaries D) By the exchange with plasma

A

C) By the lymphatic capillaries

60
Q

What happens to skin capillaries when the body is warm? A) They close B) They serve the skin by being open C) They become more permeable D) They constrict

A

B) They serve the skin by being open

61
Q

Which component of blood is responsible for transporting oxygen? A) Plasma B) White blood cells C) Red blood cells D) Platelets

A

C) Red blood cells

62
Q

What is the main function of white blood cells in the body? A) Transporting nutrients B) Fighting infections C) Regulating body temperature D) Assisting in blood clotting

A

B) Fighting infections

63
Q

What hormone stimulates the production of red blood cells? A) Insulin B) Testosterone C) Erythropoietin (EPO) D) Estrogen

A

C) Erythropoietin (EPO)

64
Q

What is the main function of plasma in the blood? A) Transporting oxygen B) Regulating body temperature C) Defense against pathogens D) Transporting substances to and from the capillaries

A

D) Transporting substances to and from the capillaries

65
Q

What is the dangerous, illegal practice of increasing the normal supply of red blood cells for the purpose of delivering oxygen more efficiently called? A) Blood doping B) Plasma infusion C) Platelet enhancement D) White blood cell boost

A

A) Blood doping

66
Q

What is the function of eosinophils? A) Phagocytize pathogens and cellular debris B) Produce antibodies C) Digest large pathogens and reduce inflammation D) Promote blood flow to injured tissues

A

C) Digest large pathogens and reduce inflammation

67
Q

Which type of white blood cell is responsible for specific immunity and can produce antibodies? A) Neutrophils B) Eosinophils C) Lymphocytes D) Monocytes

A

C) Lymphocytes

68
Q

What is the function of platelets? A) Phagocytize pathogens and cellular debris B) Aid in clotting C) Produce antibodies D) Promote blood flow to injured tissues

A

B) Aid in clotting

69
Q

What is the role of T cells in the immune response? A) Produce antibodies B) Attack the body’s cells infected with viruses C) Phagocytize foreign material D) Promote blood flow to injured tissues

A

B) Attack the body’s cells infected with viruses

70
Q

What is the most frequent cause of death due to hemophilia? A) Bleeding into the joints B) Bleeding into the brain C) Nerve damage D) Muscular atrophy

A

B) Bleeding into the brain

71
Q

What is the role of thrombin in the process of blood clot formation? A. It dilates blood vessels B. It prevents blood clotting C. It forms long threads of fibrin D. It destroys the fibrin network

A

C. It forms long threads of fibrin

72
Q

How do leeches prevent blood from clotting? A. By dilating blood vessels B. By releasing anesthetizing chemicals C. By blocking the activity of thrombin D. By squeezing serum from the clot

A

C. By blocking the activity of thrombin

73
Q

What is the main cause of hypertension? A. Atherosclerosis B. Lack of exercise C. Smoking D. High blood pressure readings

A

D. High blood pressure readings

74
Q

What is the recommended diet to prevent atherosclerosis? A. High in saturated fat and low in fruits and vegetables B. Low in saturated fat and rich in fruits and vegetables C. High in cholesterol and low in fiber D. Low in fruits and vegetables and high in processed foods

A

B. Low in saturated fat and rich in fruits and vegetables

75
Q

What is the yellow layer deposited in the walls of coronary arteries called? A. Fibrin threads B. Atherosclerotic plaque C. Thrombin crystals D. Serum deposits

A

B. Atherosclerotic plaque

76
Q

What is the medical term for a clot that remains stationary on an irregular arterial wall? A) Thrombus B) Embolus C) Aneurysm D) Arteriosclerosis

A

A) Thrombus

77
Q

What is the medical term for a clot that dislodges and moves along with the blood? A) Thrombus B) Embolus C) Aneurysm D) Arteriosclerosis

A

B) Embolus

78
Q

What health problem can result if thromboembolism is not treated? A) Angina pectoris B) Cerebrovascular accident C) Aneurysm D) Arteriosclerosis

A

B) Cerebrovascular accident

79
Q

What is another term for a cerebrovascular accident? A) Heart attack B) Aneurysm C) Stroke D) Cardiac arrest

A

C) Stroke

80
Q

What may forewarn a person of a stroke? A) Numbness in the hands or face B) Difficulty speaking C) Temporary blindness in one eye D) All of the above

A

D) All of the above

81
Q

What health problem can result if a coronary artery becomes completely blocked due to thromboembolism? A) Stroke B) Aneurysm C) Heart attack D) Cardiac arrest

A

C) Heart attack

82
Q

What is the medical term for chest pain often accompanied by a radiating pain in the left arm? A) Angina pectoris B) Cerebrovascular accident C) Aneurysm D) Arteriosclerosis

A

A) Angina pectoris

83
Q

What occurs when the muscles of the heart do not receive adequate oxygen and thus fail to contract correctly? A) Heart attack B) Cardiac arrest C) Aneurysm D) Arteriosclerosis

A

A) Heart attack

84
Q

What occurs when the electrical system of the heart malfunctions, resulting in a lack of blood reaching the brain and unconsciousness? A) Heart attack B) Cardiac arrest C) Aneurysm D) Arteriosclerosis

A

B) Cardiac arrest

85
Q

What surgical procedure involves suturing a portion of a blood vessel from another part of the body from the aorta to the coronary artery, past the point of obstruction? A) Balloon angioplasty B) Coronary bypass operation C) Stent placement D) Aneurysm repair

A

B) Coronary bypass operation

86
Q

Describe the events that occur in the generation of a heartbeat.

A

Phase 1 (atrial systole): the atria contract and pass blood to the ventricles. Phase 2 (ventricular systole): the ventricles contract and blood moves into the attached arteries. Phase 3 (atrial and ventricular diastole): both the atria and ventricles relax while the atria fill with blood.

87
Q

Describe the structure and function of each type of blood vessel and explain why capillaries are where gas and nutrient exchange occurs.

A

Arteries have thick walls with a middle layer of elastic fibers and smooth muscle that allows for expansion and contraction in response to pulses of pressure created by the contraction of the heart. Capillary walls are composed of an epithelium only one cell thick, which allows for the diffusion of gases, nutrients, and wastes in and out of the blood. Veins have thinner, less elastic walls than arteries. They have valves and carry blood back to the heart under relatively low pressure.

88
Q

Describe the flow of blood in the human circulatory system, starting with the right atrium of the heart.

A

Blood flows from the right atrium into the right ventricle and then through the pulmonary artery to the lungs. The blood is oxygenated in the capillaries of the lungs and next passes through the pulmonary vein to the left atrium of the heart. With the contraction of the left atrium, the blood flows into the left ventricle and then out through the aorta to the tissues of the body, where it passes through capillary beds, delivering oxygen to the tissues. Veins receive the blood from the capillaries and return the blood back to the right atrium via the inferior and superior venae cavae.

89
Q

Explain the role of the lymphatic system as a transport system in the body.

A

The lymphatic system takes up fat from the intestines, it works with the immune system, and it takes up excess interstitial fluid and returns it to cardiovascular veins via the subclavian veins.

90
Q

Summarize how fluids and nutrients are exchanged across the capillaries.

A

At the arterial end of a capillary, higher blood pressure forces water out of the blood. In the midsection of the capillary, oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse across the capillary wall according to their concentration gradients. At the venous end of the capillary, the osmotic pressure inside the capillary is greater than the blood pressure, and water moves back into the blood.

91
Q

Describe the role of each of the major components of blood.

A

Plasma, the liquid portion of blood, contains salts and proteins that buffer the blood and maintain its osmotic pressure. Some of the plasma proteins are involved in blood clotting and the transport of large organic molecules. Nutrients are also carried in the plasma. Red blood cells transport oxygen to the tissues. White blood cells function to defend the body against infection. Platelets play a role in blood clotting.

92
Q

Compare and contrast the types of white blood cells.

A

All white blood cells are involved in the immune response. Granular leukocytes include neutrophils, which phagocytize pathogens and cellular debris; eosinophils, which digest large pathogens, such as worms, and reduce inflammation; and basophils, which promote blood flow to injured tissues during the inflammatory response. Agranular leukocytes are lymphocytes, which are responsible for specific immunity and come in two types (B cells produce antibodies and T cells destroy cancer and virus-infected cells), or monocytes, which become macrophages that phagocytize pathogens and cellular debris.

93
Q

Describe the process involved in forming a blood clot.

A

When a blood vessel is damaged, blood containing platelets leaks out. The platelets clump to form a plug at the injury site. Platelets and the injured tissue release prothrombin activator, which converts prothrombin to thrombin. Thrombin acts to convert fibrinogen to fibrin, which forms threads that trap red blood cells to form a clot. Clot retraction follows.

94
Q

Identify common cardiovascular disorders and list some available treatments.

A

Hypertension can be treated with medication and changes in diet and exercise. Atherosclerosis is an accumulation of soft masses of fatty materials beneath the lining of the arteries. Treatments include medication, surgery, and changes in diet and exercise.

Bs bio 200 class (1 decks)

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