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Chapter 24 Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the digestive system do?

A

Acquires nutrients from environment

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2
Q

What is anabolism?

A

Used to synthesize essential compounds

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3
Q

What is catabolism?

A

Broken down to provide energy to cells

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4
Q

What is in the digestive tract?

A
  1. GI tract or alimentary canal
  2. Muscular tube
  3. Extends from oral cavity to anus
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5
Q

What is ingestion?

A

Getting food into the body

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6
Q

What is mechanical digestion and propulsion?

A

Physical breakdown

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7
Q

What is chemical digestion?

A

Chemical breakdown

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8
Q

Where is secretion?

A

In the liver and pancreas

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9
Q

What is absorption?

A

Mesentery

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10
Q

What are the 6 integrated processes of the digestive system?

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Mechanical Digestion/Propulsion
  3. Chemical Digestion
  4. Secretion
  5. Absorption
  6. Defecation
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11
Q

What is the lining of digestive tract?

A
  1. Safeguards surrounding tissues
  2. Corrosive effects of digestive acids, bases, and enzymes
  3. Bacteria either ingested with food or that reside in digestive tract
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12
Q

What is peritoneum?

A
  1. Serous membrane lining peritoneal cavity
  2. Superficial mesothelium covering a layer of areolar tissue
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13
Q

What is visceral peritoneum? (serosa)

A

Covers organs within peritoneal cavity

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14
Q

What is parietal peritoneum?

A

Lines inner surfaces of body wall

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15
Q

What do mesenteries do?

A

Provide a route to and from digestive tract for blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels

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16
Q

What is the lesser omentum?

A
  1. Stabilizes position of stomach
  2. Provides access route for blood vessels and other structures entering or leaving liver
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17
Q

What is the dorsal mesentery?

A
  1. Enlarges to form an enormous pouch, the greater omentum
  2. Extends inferiorly between body wall and anterior surface of small intestine
  3. Hangs like an apron from lateral and inferior borders of stomach
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18
Q

What is the adipose tissue in greater omentum?

A
  1. Contributes to “beer belly”
  2. Visceral fat (fat around the organs)
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19
Q

What are the major layers of digestive tract?

A
  1. Mucosa (always innermost)
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscular layer
  4. Serosa (always outermost)
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20
Q

What is the mucosa?

A

Inner lining of digestive tract

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21
Q

What does the mucous membrane consist of?

A
  1. Epithelium, moistened by glandular secretions
  2. Lamina propria of areolar tissue
  3. Muscular muscularis mucosae
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22
Q

What is the major job of mucosa?

A

Secretion

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23
Q

What epithelium does mucosal have?

A

Simple or stratified

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24
Q

What epithelium does oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, and anal canal have?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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25
What epithelium does stomach, small intestine, most of large intestine have?
Simple columnar epithelium
26
What is lamina propria?
A layer of areolar connective tissue that contains: 1. Blood vessels 2. Sensory nerve endings 3. Lymphatic vessels 4. Smooth muscle cells 5. Scattered lymphatic tissue
27
What is muscularis mucosae?
Narrow sheet of smooth muscle and elastic fibers
28
What is submucosa?
1. Layer of dense irregular connective tissue 2. May contain exocrine glands 3. Secrete buffers and enzymes into digestive tract
29
What is submucosal neural plexus?
Think of these as mini-brains
30
What is in the submucosal neural plexus?
Sensory neurons, parasympathetic ganglionic neurons, and sympathetic postganglionic fibers
31
What is the muscular layer involved in?
1. Involved in mechanical digestion and moving materials along digestive tract 2. Movements coordinated by enteric nervous system (ENS)
32
What is the myenteric plexus?
CONTROLS THE MUSCLES THAT MOVE FOOD
33
What is the motility of digestive tract?
Wave of contraction spreads throughout entire muscular sheet (peristalsis)
34
What is peristalsis?
Waves of muscular contractions that move a bolus along length of digestive tract
35
What is segmentation?
1. Cycles of contraction that churn and fragment the bolus 2. Mixing contents with intestinal secretions
36
What are local factors?
pH, volume, or chemical composition (enzymes) of intestinal contents
37
What can pH, volume, or chemical composition (enzymes) of intestinal contents have?
Can have direct, localized effects on digestive activity
38
What does the stretching of intestinal wall indicate? (increased volume)
1. Major cue to stop eating 2. Can stimulate localized contractions
39
What are visceral motor neurons?
1. Control smooth muscle contraction and glandular secretion 2. Located in myenteric plexus (enteric NS)
40
What are short reflexes?
1. local reflexes 2. control small segments of digestive tract 3. Operate entirely outside of CNS control
41
What are long reflexes?
Stimulate large-scale peristalsis
42
What are hormonal mechanisms?
1. enteroendocrine cells in digestive tract produce many peptide hormones (product) 2. Affect almost every aspect of digestion
43
What is sensory analysis?
Of food before swallowing
44
What is mechanical digestion?
Through actions of teeth, tongue, and palatal surfaces
45
What is lubrication?
By mixing with mucus and saliva
46
What is limited chemical digestion?
Of carbohydrates and lipids
47
What is oral mucosa?
1. epithelial + connective 2. stratified squamous epithelium 3. thin and nonkeratinized
48
What does the tongue do?
1. Mechanical digestion by compression, abrasion, and distortion 2. Manipulation to assist in chewing and to prepare food for swallowing 3. Secretion of mucins and lingual lipase (enzyme)
49
What three major pairs of salivary glands secrete into oral cavity?
1. Parotid glands 2. Sublingual glands 3. Submandibular glands
50
What do parotid glands do?
1. Produce serous secretion Containing salivary amylase to break down starches
51
What do sublingual glands do?
1. produce mucus Acts as a buffer (handles excessive H and OH) and lubricant
52
What do submandibular glands do?
Secrete buffers, glycoproteins (mucins), and salivary amylase (secretes a little bit of all)
53
How much liters do salivary glands produce?
Salivary glands produce 1.0–1.5 liters each day
54
How much percent of saliva is water?
99.4 percent water
55
What does the remaining 0.6 percent in saliva contain?
Electrolytes (ions involved in normal cell function), buffers, glycol-proteins, antibodies, enzymes, and wastes
56
What are the functions of saliva?
1. Cleaning oral surfaces 2. Controlling populations of bacteria and limiting acids that they produce
57
What is the regulation of salivary secretions?
1. Salivary glands have parasympathetic (turn on) and sympathetic innervation (turn off) 2. Parasympathetic stimulation accelerates secretion by all salivary glands
58
What does the tongue do?
1. Tongue compacts chewed food into a bolus (know that food is known as a bolus) 2. Moist, rounded ball
59
What is the esophagus?
1. Begins posterior to cricoid cartilage 2. Innervated by parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers from esophageal plexus
60
What does the resting muscle tone in circular muscle layer do?
Prevents backflow of materials from stomach
61
What three layers does the wall of esophagus have?
1. Mucosa 2. Submucosa 3. Muscular layer
62
What is in the swallowing reflex?
Information is relayed to swallowing center of medulla oblongata
63
What are the major functions of stomach?
1. Temporary storage of ingested food 2. Mechanical digestion with muscular contractions 3. Chemical digestion of food with acid and enzymes
64
What is chyme?
1. Bolus turns to chyme 2. Partially digested food mixed with acidic secretions of stomach
65
What is the pyloric sphincter?
Thick circular layer of muscle within pylorus
66
What is rugae?
1. Allow for expansion of gastric lumen Up to 50 times its empty size
67
What do gastric pits do?
1. Produce acid 2. Shallow depressions that open onto gastric surface
68
What do mucous cells do?
1. They are at base (neck) of each gastric pit 2. Actively divide, replacing superficial cells
69
What do parietal cells do?
indirectly secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl)
70
What do chief cells do?
1. Secrete pepsinogen (inactive enzyme) (an inactive proenzyme) 2. Pepsinogen is converted to pepsin (active enzyme) (an active proteolytic enzyme) by HCl in gastric lumen
71
What are Enteroendocrine cells (hormones)?
1. G cells produce gastrin (promotes stomach digestion) 2. D cells release somatostatin (inhibits stomach digestion)
72
What is the chemical digestion in stomach?
1. Some digestion of carbohydrates 2.Preliminary digestion of proteins by pepsin increases 3. Nutrients are not absorbed in stomach
73
What is the pancreatic duct?
1. exocrine 2. Delivers secretions of pancreas to duodenum
74
What are pancreatic islets?
Endocrine tissues of pancreas
75
What do Endocrine cells of pancreatic islets do?
Secrete insulin (sugar storage) and glucagon (sugar release) into bloodstream
76
What do exocrine cells do?
Secrete alkaline pancreatic juice into small intestine
77
What are the pancreatic enzymes?
1. Pancreatic alpha-amylase (carbs) 2. Pancreatic lipase (lipids) 3. Nucleases (nucleic acids) 4. Proteolytic enzymes (proteins)
78
What is trypsinogen?
Converted to active trypsin (major enzyme that breaks down proteins) in duodenum
79
What does the liver do?
Performs essential metabolic and synthetic functions
80
What are hepatocytes?
Liver cells
81
What is in the bile duct system?
1. Liver secrets bile 2. Right and left hepatic ducts unite to form common hepatic duct 3. From common hepatic duct, bile enters either duodenal (for use) or gallbladder (for storage)
82
What affects regulatory activites of liver?
1. Waste removal 2. Drug detoxification
82
What is the physiology of liver?
Liver has over 200 functions in three categories
83
What does the liver receive?
1. Liver receives about 25 percent of cardiac output -Largest blood reservoir in body
84
What do bile salts do?
1. Bile salts in bile break lipid droplets apart (emulsification (means makes fats H2O soluble) in duodenum -Creates tiny emulsion droplets coated with bile salts
85
What does the gallbladder do?
Stores and concentrates bile prior to secretion into small intestine
86
What happens without CCK?
1. Hepatopancreatic sphincter encircling lumen of bile duct remains closed 2. Bile exiting liver in common hepatic duct enters cystic duct and is stored in gallbladder
87
What happens with CCK?
1. Hepatopancreatic sphincter relaxes 2. Gallbladder contracts (causes release of bile salts)
88
What is in the small intestine?
-Long, muscular tube where Chemical digestion is completed 90 percent of nutrient absorption occurs -Consists of three segments Duodenum Jejunum Ileum
89
What is the duodenum?
-Segment of small intestine closest to stomach -25 cm long (10 inches) -“Mixing bowl” that receives chyme from stomach and digestive secretions from pancreas and liver
90
What is the jejunum?
1. Middle segment of small intestine 2. 2.5 meters long 3. Site of most chemical digestion and nutrient absorption
91
What is the intestinal villi?
-Fingerlike projections in mucosa of small intestine -Covered by simple columnar epithelium -Carpeted with microvilli that form brush border
91
What is the illeum?
-Final segment of small intestine -3.5 meters long -Ends at ileocecal valve Sphincter that controls flow of material from ileum into cecum of large intestine
92
How many liters of intestinal juice enters intestinal lumen each day?
1.8 liters of intestinal juice
93
What does intestinal juice do?
1.Moistens chyme 2.Assists in buffering acids
94
What are the major hormones of duodenum?
-Gastrin (activates gastric cells) -Secretin (inhibits gastric cells) -Cholecystokinin (CCK) (activates duodenal components)
95
What is the large intestine?
Horseshoe shaped Extends from end of ileum to anus Lies inferior to stomach and liver Frames the small intestine About 1.5 meters long and 7.5 cm wide
96
What is the cecum?
pouchlike first portion
97
What is the colon?
largest portion
98
What is the rectum?
The last 15 cm and end of digestive tract
99
What does the cecum do?
Receives and stores materials arriving from ileum (small intestine)
100
What does the appendix do? (immune tissue)
Dominated by lymphoid nodules
101
What does the haustra do?
1. Pouches in wall of colon 2. Permit expansion and elongation
102
What does the colon do?
Larger diameter and thinner wall than small intestine
102
What does the rectum do?
-Forms last 15 cm of digestive tract -Expandable organ for temporary storage of feces
103
What is in the internal anal sphincter?
-Smooth muscle cells -Not under voluntary control
104
What is in the external anal sphincter?
-Skeletal muscle fibers -Under voluntary control
105
What is the histology of large intestine?
1. Lacks villi 2. Mucus provides lubrication for fecal material 3. Primary job is to absorb liquid and compact feces
106
What are the functions of the large intestine?
1. Absorption or reabsorption of Water Nutrients (less than 10 percent) Bile salts Organic wastes Vitamins and toxins produced by bacteria 2. Compaction of intestinal contents into feces 3. Storage of fecal material prior to defecation
107
What is microbiome?
-Microbes (bacteria, fungi, and viruses) that live in and on human body Including those that inhabit large intestine
108
What are vitamins?
1. Organic molecules (carbon based) 2. Important as cofactors or coenzymes in metabolism
109
What is vitamin k?
1. fat soluble 2. Required by liver for synthesizing four clotting factors, including prothrombin
110
What is biotin (b vitamin)?
1. Water soluble 2. Important in glucose metabolism 3. Important for keratin
111
What is vitamin b5?
1. water soluble 2. Required in manufacture of steroid hormones and some neurotransmitters
112
What do organic wastes do?
1. Bacteria feed on indigestible carbohydrates -Produce flatus (intestinal gas) in large intestine
113
What happens for elimination of feces?
Requires relaxation of internal and external anal sphincters
114
What does lactase do?
-Lactase (enzyme) hydrolyzes lactose (sugar) Insufficient lactase leads to lactose intolerance

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