Chapter 25

Question 1

Laboratory test

Answer 1

a broad classification for numerous types of examinations performed on some type of body fluid, such as whole blood or the serum portion of the blood, spinal fluid, sputum, gastric contents, feces, and bone marrow

Question 2

hematology

Answer 2

the study of blood cells and the blood-forming tissues

Question 3

complete blood count (CBC)

Answer 3

measures the number of leukocytes (WBC), erythrocytes (RBC) and thrombocytes or platelets (PLTS)

Question 4

leukocytosis

Answer 4

when WBC is elevated above normal

Question 5

leukopenia

Answer 5

when WBC is below normal

Question 6

differential

Answer 6

the breakdown of the total WBC into percentages of the five types of white cells

Question 7

left shift

Answer 7

when bands (immiture neutrophils) are elevated, indicated bacterial infection

Question 8

right shift

Answer 8

when lymphocytes increase with viral infections and allergic conditions

Question 9

anemia

Answer 9

a a reduction in the delivery of oxygen to the tissues

Question 10

polycythemia

Answer 10

elevated RBC count

Question 11

blood chemistry test measures

Answer 11

changes in the biological chemical reactions

Question 12

blood chemistry test includes what type of tests?

Answer 12

blood glucose, electrolyte levels, enzymes and isoenzymes, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine, total protein, total bilirubin

Question 13

blood glucose

Answer 13

glucose level in the blood, helpful in diagnosis and treatment of diabetes

Question 14

electrolyte levels include:

Answer 14

potassium, chloride, sodium, magnesium, calcium, and phosphate. used to evaluate fluid and electrolyte balance and acid base balance.

Question 15

enzymes and isoenzymes

Answer 15

released from a specific organ when damaged. Ex. cardiac cells (CK-MB), damaged liver cells (LFT)

Question 16

blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

Answer 16

occurs with dehydration. may indicate renal failure

Question 17

serum creatinine

Answer 17

a product of metabolism, removed from blood by the kidneys. elevated levels indicate impairment of kidney function

Question 18

total protein

Answer 18

evaluates many conditions: malnutrition, dehydration, severe burns, gastrointestinal disease, renal disease, liver disease, diabetes mellitus

Question 19

total bilirubin

Answer 19

measures the blood level of bilirubin. evaluates liver funtion

Question 20

urinalysis

Answer 20

darker urine means dehydration

cloudy urine indicates bacteria or WBC

Question 21

proteinuria

Answer 21

protein in the urine, related to renal failure

Question 22

ketonuria

Answer 22

ketones in the urine, related to diabetes

Question 23

glomeruler filtration rate (GFR)

Answer 23

measures the volume of urine in milliliters filtered by the kidneys in 1 minute

Question 24

radiography or x-ray

Answer 24

provides an image of the bones without any preparation, most common test for the skeletal system

Question 25

chest x-ray (CXR)

Answer 25

shows the bony structures of the thorax, hearts position and size, lungs for expansion, collapsed lobes, clear, congested densities indicating tumors ot tb

Question 26

nursing care for chest x-ray

Answer 26

explain painless x-ray picture will be taken, require removal of jewelry bras and shirts or blouse with buttons, zippers, or snaps

Question 27

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Answer 27

a form of radiology, produces slices of the site, evaluates the brain, spinal cord, bone, organs, and vessels in motion

Question 28

nursing care for (MRI)

Answer 28

verify is contrast is needed, if pt need to be NPO, know if pt is claustrophobic, educate pt of the limited space inside the scanner, MRI machice is loud with knocking and clicking sounds, MRI take 30 to 90 min to complete, get consent form

Question 29

computed tomography (CT) or computed axial tomography (CAT)

Answer 29

an xray procedure that takes many xray images of body parts from different angles.

Question 30

arteriography/angiography/venography

Answer 30

forms of radiology that require a contrast medium instilled into designated arteries, or veins in search for thrombosis, tumors, constrictions, occlusions, and aneurysm. Mostly examined vessels in the heart, brain, lings, and lower extremities.

Question 31

ultrasonography

Answer 31

ultrasound waves are used to produce images of organs and tissues that can be recorded and printed

Question 32

endoscopic examinations

Answer 32

a flexible scope with optical capability that allows visualization of body cavities and hollow organs, such as the colon or urinary bladder

Question 33

esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)

Answer 33

a flexible scope inserted through the mouth, down the esophagus, through the stomach, and into the upper duodenum allowing visualization of the lining of each. In search for polyps, ulcers, tumors, and constrictions, and chemical burns after ingestion of poisons

Question 34

nursing care for esophagogastroduodenoscopy

Answer 34

pt on NPO for 8-12 hours before test, educate pt of the procedure that there is minimal or no discomfort, assess VS prior to procedure for baseline, during the procedure, and every 15 minutes for 1 hour, and every hour for 4 hours after the procedure

Question 35

colonoscopy

Answer 35

a flexible endoscope is inserted via the rectum into the colon and terminal ileum, allowing the physician to visualize the lining for abnormalties such as polyps, ulcerations, and tumors and biopsy tissue as needed

Question 36

nursing care for colonoscopy

Answer 36

limiting the pt intake to clear liquids for 24 hours before exam, avoid ingesting anything red (jello, popsicle,soda), laxative administered about 2pm the day before the exam, may be followed by 1-3 enemas, sedation is administered for sleep during procedure.

Question 37

electrocardiography (EKG) or ECG

Answer 37

uses 6 electrodes applied to specific locations on the chest wall and four electrodes applied to the four extremities to graphically record the electrical activity through the hearts electrical conduction pathway

Question 38

telemetry monitoring

Answer 38

a portable heart monitor

Question 39

electroencephalography (EEG)

Answer 39

electrodes are placed stragically on the scalp and record the electrical activity of the brain (brain waves). beneficial in detecting epilepsy,diseases of the cns, tumors, and to confirm brain death