Chapter 2.5 Flashcards
(24 cards)
What is the safest country
where is canada
where is the USA
iceland
canada -11
USA- 131
Formula for crime rate
of offences x 100,000
———-divided by——-
Population
What Canadian cities has the highest and lowest homicide rate in 2023 ?
Thunder Bay - Highest Kingston- lowest
What are the limitations of the crime rate formula (5)
1.) Results are misrepresented because all types of crimes are treated equally
2.)All offences (serious and minor) are given the weight
3.)The crime rate measures the VOLUME of crime NOT the severity of crime
4.)Based solely on the number of offences that are reported to the police
5.)does not account for the dark figure of crime - it’s an iceberg- a lot doesn’t come to the attention of the police, most are hidden and haven’t been caught
Crime severity index (CSI) ?
Measure both the volume and severity of police reported crimes
Which province has the highest CSI ?
Saskatchewan
Which province has the lowest CSI ?
Ontario
how does Crime severity index (CSI) work ?
(2)
1.)Each offences has a weight attach according to a scale of severity
2.)based on the court sentences imposed over the last 5 years
the more the sever the sentences the higher the weight assigned to the offence
What factors can influence crime statistics other than an actual increase in crime ? (4) with examples
1.) Changes in reporting
-Me2 movement more people come forward
-Lower tolerance for it
Exmaples: drinking and driving, child abuse, domestic assault
2.)Changing in policing
certain area having a representation then perform a “crack down”- gangs, drunk driving, speeding
3.)Changes in technology
-speeding cameras,
-red light cameras, -surveillance cameras for houses,
-alarms systems, -people recording
4.)Changes in legislation
Changing the laws introduces new crimes- -cyber crimes,
-distracting drinking (phone usage)
What are people most fearful of ?
taking the bus alone at night
Avoidance behaviours
(2)
-Avoiding specific areas to reduce ones risk of becoming a victim
-defensive behaviours (specific anti-crime measure designed to reduced one risk of becoming a victim)
examples; walking in groups, weapons,
Victimization survey
(2) and provide the minimun age
-Official…Conducted every 5 years over the phone or online from those 15+
-Asked whether they have been victimized in the previous years and if those crimes were reported to the police
Why people don’t report ?
The police wouldn’t consider the incident to be important enough
What is the most reported offence ?
Theft under 5000
What is the least reported offence ?
Sexual assault
What crimes overwhelming affects young people but rarely comes to the attention of the police ?
Cyberbullying, cyber crimes
What are the advantages for Victimization surveys ?
people have indicated if they have been victimized even if they did not report to the police
What are the disadvantaged for Victimization surveys ? (5)
1.) Age restrictions, 2.)internet access, phone interactions(homeless people),
3.) it happens less frequently, inaccurate information (lie about being victims), 4.)Telescoping ( bringing a moment forward in time despite in happened a while ago),
5.)only includes certain types of offences
Self report surveys
provides insight on what (3)
Unofficial questionnaire that ask individuals about their engagement in crimes behaviours
Provides insight on :
1.)what individuals start commenting offences
2.)What types of offences they commit
3.)Whether the crime differs based on gender a race social status and age
What are the advantages for self report surveys
address the dark figures of crime
What are disadantages for self report surveys
1.)people who lie, 2.)exagerate,
3.)high school students who are actually committing crimes aren’t actually going to class
Risk factors associated with victimization
(6)
1.)Age (15-24)
2.)Gender
3.)Marital status
4.)Familiarity (someone you know)
5.)Residential Status (renters often times younger, not their forever home, more likely to be victimized, higher rates of victimazation
vs a homeowner who are taking more precautions likely talking with neighbours and having surveillance)
6.)Group membership (disabilities,marginalized communities)
Risk factors associated with victimization- which Season ?
summer
Risk factors associated with victimization explain Gender
police reported data: men higher
victimazation surveys: women higer
