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HLSC 120 - Human Anatomy > Chapter 25 - Respiratory System > Flashcards

Chapter 25 - Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Respiratory System Functions

A

-gas transport and exchange
-gas conditioning (via paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity to cleanse, humidify, warm air)
-filters inhaled air
-produces sounds
-olfaction
-defense
eliminates water and heat in the form of vapour

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2
Q

Otorhinolaryngology

A

ENT - ear, nose, throat

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3
Q

Pulmonologist

A

diagnoses and treatment of lung diseases

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4
Q

Organs of the Respiratory System

A

-nose
-nasal cavity
-pharynx (throat)
-larynx (voice box)
-trachea (windpipe)
-bronchi
-lungs

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5
Q

Lower Respiratory System (Tract) Organs (LRT)

A

-trachea
-bronchi
-lungs

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5
Q

Upper Respiratory System (Tract) Organs (URT)

A

-nose
-nasal cavity
-paranasal sinuses
-pharynx
-larynx
-associated structures (ie. tonsils)

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6
Q

What are the tracts of the RT based on?

A

Structure

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6
Q

What are the zones of the RT based on?

A

functions

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7
Q

Conducting Zone Function

A

transfer, filter, warm, moisten, conduct air into the lungs

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8
Q

Conducting Zone Organs

A

-nose
-nasal cavity
-pharynx
-larynx
-trachea
-bronchi
-bronchioles
-terminal bronchioles

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9
Q

Respiratory Zone Functions

A

main sites of gas exchange between air and blood

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10
Q

Respiratory Zone Organs

A

-respiratory bronchioles
-alveolar ducts
-alveolar sacs
-alveoli

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11
Q

External Nose

A

-skin and muscle covered portion of the nose
-bordered inferiorly by maxillary bones and superiorly by nasal bones

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12
Q

Cartilaginous Framework of External Nose

A

7 parts:
-septal nasal cartilage - unpaired
-lateral nasal cartilages - paired
-major alar cartilages - paired
-minor alar cartilages - paired

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13
Q

Choanae (Choanna)

A

openings that separate the nasal cavity from the throat

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14
Q

Vestibule (nasal cavity)

A

anterior region near the nostrils that allows the passage of air

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15
Q

Olfactory Epithelium

A

-in the most superior part of the nasal cavity
-contains pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium and olfactory receptor cells

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16
Q

Respiratory Region of the Nasal Cavity

A

-moisture
-dust
-bacteria
-filtering
-cleaning

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17
Q

Olfactory Region of the Nasal Cavity

A

-sensing smell

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18
Q

Conchae

A

-bony projections from the lateral wall of the nasal cavity

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19
Q

Meatuses

A

-air passages between conchae
-lined by the mucous membrane
-increase surface area and prevent dehydration
-swirl warm & moist air

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20
Q

Goblet Cells

A

secrete mucus that moistens air and traps dust particles

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21
Q

Nose Bleeds

A

-dehydration dries out membrane
-breaks blood vessels

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22
Q

Cilia

A

Move mucus and dust toward the pharynx

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23
Q

Paranasal Sinuses & Nasolacrimal Duct

A

secretions help moisten the air

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24
Q

3 Functions of Internal Structures of the Nose

A
  1. warm, moisten, filter inhaled air
  2. Detecting smell
  3. Modifying speech as air passes
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24
Q

Paranasal Sinuses

A

-paired air spaces in certain bones of the skull
-drain into nasal cavity

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25
Q

Paranasal Sinus Functions

A

-sound resonance
-decrease the weight of the skull
-warm, swirl, moisten air
-modify sound (ie. singing in the shower)

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26
Q

Pharynx Functions

A

-passageway for air, liquid, food
-resonating chamber for speech sounds
-houses tonsils
lines with a mucosa
-skeletal muscle control for swallowing

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27
Q

Pharynx

A

-funnel shaped tube with respiratory and digestive functions
-3 regions

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28
Q

Tonsils (in Pharynx)

A

immunological reactions against foreign invaders

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29
Q

Nasopharynx

A

houses 5 openings, uvula, tonsils:
-2 internal nares
-2 eustachian tube openings
-1 opening to oropharynx

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30
Q

Uvula

A

-hangs from soft palate and blocks nasal passage so air doesn’t go into food and liquid

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31
Q

Auditory Tubes

A

-paired
-connect nasopharynx to the tympanic cavity

32
Q

Oropharynx

A

-middle portion
-between soft palate and hyiod
-allows food, fluid, air to pass
-anterior wall = base of the tongue

33
Q

Fauces

A

opening of the oral cavity into the oropharynx

34
Q

Palatine Tonsils

A

Behind palate

35
Q

Lingual Tonsils

A

Base of the tongue

36
Q

Oropharynx Functions

A

-digestive and respiratory functions
-allow passage of food, fluid, and air

37
Q

Laryngopharynx (aka hypopahrynx)

A

-begins at hyoid bone and ends at the larynx
-a respiratory and a digestive pathway

38
Q

What lines laryngopharynx?

A

non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

39
Q

Innervation of Pharynx Muscles

A

-innervated by pharyngeal plexus
-supplied by glossopharyngeal IX and vagus X nerves

40
Q

Epiglottis

A

-directs food into the esophagus and air into the trachea

41
Q

Laryngopharynx Functions

A

digestive and respiratory functions

42
Q

Larynx (aka voice box)

A

-connects laryngopharynx with the trachea
-lies in middle of neck anterior to C4-C6 vertebra

43
Q

Larynx Functions

A

-passageway for air
-produces sounds for speech
-sneeze and cough reflex
-prevents ingested materials from entering trachea
-increases pressure in abdominal cavity

44
Q

Valsalva Maneuver

A

???

45
Q

How many pieces of cartilage make up the larynx?

A

9: 3 paired (6) and 3 unpaired

46
Q

Unpaired Larynx Cartilage

A

-support and protect the larynx
-3 of them:
thyroid
epiglottis
cricoid

47
Q

Paired Larynx Cartilage

A

-involved in sound production
-3 of them:
arytenoid
cuneiform
corniculate

48
Q

Vocal Folds

A

-true vocal cords
-open and close for vibrations

49
Q

Vestibular Folds

A

-false vocal cords
-not directly involved in sound production

50
Q

Rima Glottidis

A

Moved air back and forth

51
Q

Cuneiform and Corniculate Cartilage

A

Muscles that move cartilage to open and close and create vibrations

52
Q

Epithelial tissue that lines the larynx above the vocal folds?

A

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

53
Q

Epithelial tissue that lines the larynx below the vocal folds?

A

-pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
-has ciliated columnar cells, goblet cells, and basal cells

54
Q

Role of mucus in the larynx

A

Helps trap dust not removed in the upper passages

55
Q

Trachea (aka windpipe)

A

-tubular passageway for air
-in-front of esophagus, below larynx, above bronchi

56
Q

Tracheal Cartilage

A

-support the trachea
-C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
-connected by annular ligaments

56
Q

Trachealis Muscle

A

-connect the tracheal cartilage posteriorly
-control the diameter of the trachea depending O2 demand changes

56
Q

Lining of trachea

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium that have goblet cells that secrete mucin

57
Q

Location of the trachea

A

T5

58
Q

Divisions of the Bronchial Tree (sup. to inf.)

A

-main bronchi
-lobar bronchi
-segmental bronchi
-smaller bronchi

59
Q

Bronchi

A

lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

60
Q

Larger Bronchioles

A

lined with ciliated simple columnar epithelium and goblet cells

61
Q

Smaller Bronchioles

A

ciliated simple cuboidal epithelium and NO GOBLET CELLS

62
Q

Terminal Bronchioles

A

non-ciliated simple cubiodal epithelium

63
Q

How many alveoli are in each lung?

A

~1 million

64
Q

Which nerve innervates the diaphragm?

A

Phrenic

65
Q

Mediastinum

A

separates the thoracic cavity into two distinct chambers

65
Q

Pleural Membrane

A

From deep to superficial:
-visceral pleura
-pleura cavity
-parietal pleura

66
Q

Hilum

A

Passageway of blood vessels and nerves in the lungs

67
Q

Cardiac Notch

A

-in the left lung

68
Q

Why is the left lung lobe smaller?

A

Because of the heart

69
Q

Oblique Fissure

A

-in both lungs
-Left: separates the superior and inferior lobes
-Right: superior part separates the superior lobe from the inferior lobe and the middle lobe

70
Q

Horizontal Fissure

A

-in the right lung only

71
Q

Right lung

A

3 lobes:
-superior
-middle
-inferior

72
Q

Left lung

A

2 lobes:
-superior
-inferior

73
Q

Apex

A

-superior tip of the lung

74
Q

Base

A

Inferior part of the lung

75
Q

Type I Alveolar Cell

A

-squamous epithelium
-permit gas exchange

76
Q

Type II Alveolar Cell

A

-secrete surfactant (lipid/protein fluid that protect the lung from collapsing)
-reduce surface tension

77
Q

Alveolar Macrophages

A

-phagocytotic cells
-engulf particles such as bacteria

HLSC 120 - Human Anatomy (9 decks)

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