Chapter 25: The World War I Era, 1900-1919 Flashcards
Gavrilo Princip
Serbian nationalist and Black Hand member Gavrilo Princip assassinated Austro-Hungarian heir apparent Archduke Francis Ferdinand, hoping to spread the Black Hand’s message of ending Austro-Hungarian presence in the Balkans. This assassination serves as the immediate catalyst for WWI.
Archduke Francis Ferdinand
Serbian nationalist and Black Hand member Gavrilo Princip assassinated Austro-Hungarian heir apparent Archduke Francis Ferdinand, hoping to spread the Black Hand’s message of ending Austro-Hungarian presence in the Balkans. This assassination serves as the immediate catalyst for WWI.
Woodrow Wilson
The leaders of the victorious countries at the Paris Peace Conference became known as the Big Four, and this included Woodrow Wilson (US). He believed in “peace without victory” where no one country should be severely punished or greatly rewarded, but Georges Clemenceau (FR) rejected this, bc he wanted revenge on the Central Powers and thought that FR had suffered the most out of all the Allies and thus deserved special considerations to be protected from Germany. In the 14 Points, Wilson proposed a League of Nations where the nations of the world would convene to discuss conflicts openly, as a way to avoid the simmering tensions that had caused WWI. Although other nations agreed to establish the League, the US Senate voted against joining it and against ratifying the Treaty of Versailles, the 1919 peace treaty with Germany.
David Lloyd George
The leaders of the victorious countries at the Paris Peace Conference became known as the Big Four, and this included David Lloyd George (GB). While Woodrow Wilson (US) and Georges Clemenceau (FR) clashed on how to settle the peace, with Wilson being in favor of “peace without victory” and Clemenceau opposing this, George tended to support Clemenceau’s ideas but often acted as an intermediary between the two differing points.
Georges Clemenceau
The leaders of the victorious countries at the Paris Peace Conference became known as the Big Four, and this included Georges Clemenceau (FR). While Woodrow Wilson (US) believed in “peace without victory” where no one country should be severely punished or greatly rewarded, Clemenceau rejected this, because he wanted revenge on the Central Powers and thought that FR had suffered the most out of all the Allies and thus deserved special considerations to be protected from Germany.
Vittorio Orlando
The leaders of the victorious countries at the Paris Peace Conference became known as the Big Four, and this included Vittorio Orlando (IT). At this conference, IT walked out because they were not granted Fiume, a town they had been promised for joining the Allies.
Ho Chi Minh
The Paris Peace Conference’s Big Three of David Lloyd George, Woodrow Wilson, and Georges Clemenceau were not interested in freeing the colonies. Wilson even refused to meet with a young Vietnamese nationalist named Ho Chi Minh, who requested to speak with him about the independence of Vietnam from France.
Black Hand
Serbian nationalist & Black Hand member Gavrilo Princip assassinated Austro-Hungarian heir apparent, Archduke Francis Ferdinand, hoping to spread the Black Hand’s message of ending Austro-Hungarian presence in the Balkans. The assassination serves as the immediate catalyst for WWI.
Triple Entente
B-F-R were allies in the Triple Entente and saw Germany as a rival.
Allies
The Allies were made up of the original Triple Entente (Britain, France, & Russia) and the US, China, & Japan. The Allies were against the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and IT. However, when the war began, IT remained neutral and later switched its allegiance for the Allies. The Ottoman Empire joined the Triple Alliance, which was also called the Central Powers.
Triple Alliance
The Triple Alliance was the alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and IT. After IT left for the Allies and the Ottoman Empire joined, they became the Central Powers.
Soviet Russia
In 1918, the leaders of the new Soviet Russia signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany, ending Russia’s involvement in WWI. This treaty called for Russia to hand over to Germany an enormous amount of land, including most of Ukraine. But the treaty gave the new Bolshevik government time to build a Communist state based on Marxist principles of common ownership of all property. The Bolshevik gov’t also had to fight a civil war against anti-Communist forces that were supported by FR, GB, Japan, and the US. In 1920, the Russian gov’t declared victory.
Big Four
The leaders of the victorious countries at the Paris Peace Conference became known as the Big Four: Woodrow Wilson (US), David Lloyd George (GB), Georges Clemenceau (FR), and Vittorio Orlando (IT).
Big Three
The Paris Peace Conference’s Big Three of David Lloyd George, Woodrow Wilson, and Georges Clemenceau were not interested in freeing the colonies. Wilson even refused to meet with a young Vietnamese nationalist named Ho Chi Minh, who requested to speak with him about the independence of Vietnam from France.
Soviet Union
Soviet Russia rebranded itself as the Soviet Union and was not invited to the Paris Peace Conference because it had undergone a Communist revolution, which westerners were terrified of.
League of Nations
Woodrow Wilson defied Georges Clemenceau’s protests and pushed for his principles for settling the peace in the Fourteen Points. He wanted a League of Nations where the nations of the world would convene to discuss conflicts openly, as a way to avoid the simmering tensions that had caused WWI. Although other nations agreed to establish the League, the US Senate voted against joining it and against ratifying the Treaty of Versailles, the 1919 peace treaty with Germany.
Weimar Government
The Treaty of Versailles forced Germany to pay billions of dollars in reparations, or payment of money for wrongs committed, for damage caused by the war. This led to sky-high inflation. Germany had to also give up all of its colonies and restrict the size of its armed forces. So, Germans became resentful toward the Weimar Government, which had agreed to the terms of the treaty, and set the stage for the Nazis to take power.
Pan-Arabism
This was the nationalist movement which called for the unification of all lands in North Africa and Southwest Asia. It was rooted in how Arab states became the virtual colonies of GB and FR.
Zionists
The British gov’t issued the Balfour Declaration in 1917, which stated that Palestine should become a permanent home for the Jews of Europe. Those who supported a Jewish homeland were known as Zionists. After the Allied victory in WWI, European Jews moved in droves to Palestine, which was controlled by the British.
May Fourth Movement
After WWI, Japan claimed the right to Germany’s sphere of influence in the Shandong Peninsula in northeast China. However, China had also supported the Allies, and it wanted to reclaim Shandong. At the Paris Peace Conference, GB and FR sided with Japan, so Chinese intellectuals and workers staged anti-Japanese demonstrations beginning on 5/4/1919. This movement symbolized China’s growing nationalism and demand for democracy. Angered by Europe’s support for Japan, many Chinese rejected Western-style gov’t and turned toward the Marxist model of the Soviet Union. Several May Fourth leaders joined the Chinese Communist Party.
The Great War
This was the other name for [1914-1918] WWI. It is called “great” bc of the immense scale of the fighting. No other war had involved as many nations or killed as many soldiers & civilians.
militarism
Militarism is aggressive military preparedness. It celebrates war and the armed forces. European powers like GB and Germany spent a lot of money on building up their armies and navies, recruiting young men, and buying more ships and other military hardware.
