Chapter 26 - 29: Growth and Development.

Question 1

Erikson’s Psychosocial development stages

1. Infancy:
2. Toddler:
3. Preschool
4. School age
5. Adolescence

Answer 1

1. birth to 1 year old: Trust versus mistrust - either you learn to trust or you don’t.
2. 1 year to 3 year old: autonomy versus shame and doubt - self control or defiance
3. year 3 to 6: initiative versus guilt - learns limits and evaluates behavior or fearful with no self confidence
4. year 6 to 12: industry versus inferiority - self confidence and able to perform school age activities or feeling mediocre, self doubt and inadequate.
5. year 12 to 20: identity versus role confusion - having a sense of self or inability to develop an identity.

Question 2

phase of development from birth to 4 weeks of age?

Answer 2

neonatal stage - adjustment to extrauterine life

Question 3

phase of development from 4 weeks of life to 12 months?

Answer 3

Infancy rapid growth, cognitive and social development

Question 4

when do fontanels close?

Answer 4

Anterior fontanel - 12 to 18 months

Posterior fontanel - 6 to 8 weeks

Question 5

per month, how much does infant grow in first 6 months?

Answer 5

2.5 cm per month

Question 6

when does teeth erupt for infant?

Answer 6

6 -8 teeth by the end of the first year, first teeth should erupt by 10 months

Question 7

how long does head lag stay in infants?

Answer 7

4 months of age

Question 8

Explain infant motor development

Answer 8

2 months - lifts head off mattress in prone position
4 months - can roll to side
6 months - rolls back to front
7 months - can move object from hand to hand
8 months - sits unsupported
9 months - can crawl and pincer grasp, can pull to stand
10 - 11 months - can walk supported.

Question 9

when can baby start to say words?

Answer 9

can begin to say 2 word phrases by 1 year

Question 10

What would infants be stressed about?

Answer 10

• Teething and needs not met

Question 11

describe toddlerhood

Answer 11

• slowed growth

- independence is paramount to toddlers

Question 12

Physical characteristics and growth of toddlers

Answer 12

• birth weight quadruples in 2 1/2 years
• height increases by 8 inches
• Hr is 110, respirations 26, bp is 99/65,
• sphincter control at age 3 (toilet train)
• appetite lessens due to slower growth
• jump in place, throw over hand, uses spoon, drinks from cup.

Question 13

Expected motor skills for Toddlers

Answer 13

• Walks well forward and back
• climbs furniture
• throws overhand
• voluntary releases hand
• uses spoon and drinks from cup
• scribbles
• builds towers 4 then 6 then 9 to 10 stacks

Question 14

toddler vocabulary.

Answer 14

increases from 10 to 20 words to 900 words by age3 years.

Question 15

psychosocial development of toddlers:

Answer 15

• temper tantrums
• imitate chores,
• points at body parts
• identify animals
• dressing with help (18 -24 months)
• toilet training can begin
• discipline should be consistent with well define bounderies

Question 16

• toddler play?

- toddler stressor?

Answer 16

• parallel play

- separation from parents, changes in routine, toilet training, loud noises, animals.

Question 17

describe preschool stage

Answer 17

• 3 year to 6 year old

- stage of language acquisition, social skills, and imagination

Question 18

physical characteristics of preschool age:

Answer 18

• weight increases 4 - 6 lbs per year
• birth length double by 4 year of age
• Hr 90 - 100, RR 24-25, Bp 100/60-70
• Permanent molars appear
• maximum potential for visual acuity reached

Question 19

Expected motor skills for pre school children

Answer 19

• ride tricycles
• walk up and down stairs with alternating feet
• bend over without tilting over
• can hop on one foot
• draws shapes (circle, cross, triangle)
• dresses with assistance then progress to alone

Question 20

Describe the psychosocial development of preschool aged children

Answer 20

• knows age, first name
• uses plural and counts
• three to four word sentences progressing to complex sentences
• follow directions
• knows simple songs and colours
• asks inquisitive questions
• gender specific behavior by 5 years old
• becomes eager to please
• may develop imaginary playmates

Question 21

preschool play:

Answer 21

• interactive and cooperative
• toys include : tricycles, playground equipment, construction sets, picture books, puzzles, paints, clay, imitative, and electronic games

Question 22

Stresses for preschool

Answer 22

• illogical fears,
• bodily injury (fears that puncture will not close and insides will spill out)
• times of illness can cause regression (hospitalization, prolonged separation)

Question 23

Describe school age development

Answer 23

• 6 to 11 year old
• constant physical progress
• mental and social development and competency

Question 24

Describe physical development of school aged children

Answer 24

• slow growth and losing temporary teeth and getting permanent teeth
• bone growth exceeds muscle growth resulting in increase risk for fractures and injuries
• physiological changes can occur at 9 for girls and 11 for boys

Question 25

Expected motor skills for school aged children

Answer 25

- skips - skates - tumbles - tandem walks backwards - prints and scripts - ties knots and bows

Question 26

describe the psychosocial of schoolaged children

Answer 26

- time is mostly about school affecting morality (right and wrong) but no rationale - personal care is a thing - late school ages learn to recognize different point of views and modesty

Question 27

play examples for school aged children

Answer 27

- cooperative group play like sports - board games - bike - hobbies

Question 28

school aged stressors

Answer 28

school fear of death disease and injury punishment

Question 29

Describe Adolescence development

Answer 29

- emotional and family conflict - biological and personality maturation - establishment of identity

Question 30

physical development of adolescence

Answer 30

- wisdom teeth appear - puberty - final 20% of height achieved (slows at menarche and stops at 16 for girls and slows in late teens in boys)

Question 31

Psychosocial development in adolescence

Answer 31

changing body image with mood swings - seeking identity - family/parent conflicts. identifies beetter with peers and romantic relationships. - gender roles and sexuality - abstract thought and occupational decisions

Question 32

play/activities for adolescence

Answer 32

group sports, caring for pet

Question 33

stressors for adolescence

Answer 33

loss of control, fear of altered body image, separation from peers and social media

Question 34

warning signs to look out for in sensory development

Answer 34

- no response to loud noises - child does not focus on a near object - inability to babble at 4 months - at age 4 months, infant should turn to locate sound - infant should not cross eyes often at 6 months age

Question 35

motor development warning signs

Answer 35

- stiff or floppy arms and legs - child cannot support head at 3 to 4 months of age - child reaches with only one hand - child cannot sit with assistance at 6 months - child does not crawl at 12 months of age - child cannot stand supported at 12 months of age

Question 36

Warning signs for language development

Answer 36

- infant should make sounds at 4 months - infant should laugh or squeal by 6 months - infants should be able to babble at 8 months - infants should be able to use single words by age 12

Question 37

Warnings signs for social and emotional development

Answer 37

- child should be able to smile by 3 months of age - child refuses to cuddle - child does not enjoy people - child shows no interest at peek-a-boo at 8 months

Question 38

Role of the nurse

Answer 38

``` Individualized care based on child and family’s needs Promote growth and development through play Promote early learning Safety Proper nutrition H ealthy sleep and rest H ealthy teeth and gums A ppropriate discipline techniques ```