Chapter 26 Flashcards
1
Q
soft tissues of the body can be injured through a variety of mechanisms: ... injury ... injury ... ...
A
blunt
penetrating
barotrauma
burns
2
Q
skin varies in thickness
… in the very young and very old
… on the eyelids, lips, and ears than on the scalp, back, soles of feet
skin has two principal layers: the … and the … –> …: the tough, external layer; …: the inner layer
A
thinner; thinner; epidermis; dermis; epidermis; dermis
3
Q
bodily openings are lined with …
A
mucous membranes
4
Q
skin serves many functions: barrier against ... helps maintain ... helps body regulate ... ... organ
A
infection
fluid balance
temperature
sensory
5
Q
any break in the skin may allow bacteria to enter and increases the potential for:
…
… loss
loss of …
A
infection
fluid
temperature control
6
Q
three types of soft-tissue injuries:
… injuries
… injuries
…
A
closed; open; burns
7
Q
pathophysiology of closed and open injuries:
cessation of … is primary concern
the next wound healing stage is …
a new layer of cells is then moved into the damaged area
new … form
… provides stability to the damaged tissue and joins wound borders
A
bleeding; inflammation; blood vessels; collagen
8
Q
(closed injuries) a … (bruise) results from blunt forces striking the body. the epidermis remain intact but … are usually torn. the buildup of blood produces …
a … is blood that collects within damaged tissue or in a body cavity
A
contusion; small blood vessels; ecchymosis; hematoma
9
Q
(closed injuries) a … injury occurs when a significant amount of force is applied to the body
extent of damage depends on:
amount of …
length of … that the force is applied
when an area of the body is trapped for longer than 4 hours, … syndrome can develop
A
crushing; force; time; crush
10
Q
(closed injuries) … syndrome results from the swelling that occurs whenever tissues are injured
severe closed injuries can damage internal organs
A
compartment
11
Q
four types of open injuries: ... ... ... ...
A
abrasions
lacerations
avulsions
penetrating wounds
12
Q
(open injuries) abrasion: a wound of the … layer of the skin–> caused by … when a body part rubs or scrapes across a rough/hard surface
A
superficial; friction
13
Q
(open injuries) laceration: a … cut–> caused by a sharp object or blunt force that tears the tissue
A
jagged
14
Q
(open injuries) avulsion: a wound that separates various layers of soft tissue so that they become either … or hang as a …
A
completely detached; flap
15
Q
(open injuries) amputation: an injury in which part of the body is completely ….
a penetrating wound is an injury resulting from a … object –> can damage structures deep within the body; can lead to infection
A
severed; piercing object
16
Q
stabbings and shootings often result in multiple penetrating injuries: assess the patient carefully to identify all wounds, count the … of penetrating injuries; determine the type of … when possible but do not delay transport
A
number; gun
17
Q
it is more difficult to assess a … injury than to assess an … injury
A
closed; open
18
Q
immediately transport in these cases: poor initial ... altered ... ... abnormal ... ... severe ...
A
general impression level of consciousness dyspnea vital signs shock pain
19
Q
… as well as a host of other medical conditions can complicate open soft-tissue injuries
A
chronic medical conditions
20
Q
vital signs: signs that indicate hypoperfusion and the need for rapid transport-- ... ... low ... weak ... .., ..., and ... skin
A
tachycardia tachypnea blood pressure pulse cool; moist; pale
21
Q
communication and documentation: description of the ... ... in which you found the patient amount of ... location and description of any ... injuries or other wounds ... and .. of the injury how you treated the injuries
A
MOI position blood loss soft-tissue size; depth
22
Q
no special emergency care is necessary for …
A
small contusions
23
Q
treat closed soft-tissue injury using the RICES mnemonic: R.... I... C... E... S...
A
rest ice compression elevation splinting
24
Q
signs of developing shock: ... or ... changes in ... increased ... rate increased ... rate ... ... or ... skin decreased ...
A
anxiety; agitation mental status heart respiratory diaphoresis cool; clammy; blood pressure
25
cover wounds of the chest, upper abdomen, or upper back with ... dressings
occlusive
26
control bleeding by ... the extremity, even if there is no fracture
splinting
27
abdominal wounds: an open wound in the abdominal cavity may expose ... organs
...: the organs protrude through the wound
internal; evisceration
28
impaled objects
remove an impaled object only when the object is in the ... or ... and ... or the object is in the ... and interferes with ...
cheek; mouth; obstructs the airway; chest; CPR
29
neck injuries:
... injuries can be life threatening
... may suck in air and cause cardiac arrest
cover the wound with an occlusive dressing
apply manual pressure but do not compress both carotid arteries at the same time
open neck; open veins
30
small-animal bites:
a small animal's mouth is heavily contaminated with ... bites should be evaluated by a physician
a major concern is the spread of ... --> acute, potentially fatal viral infection of the CNS
small-animal; rabies
31
human bites: the human mouth contains exceptionally wide range of bacteria and viruses. regard any human bite that has penetrated the skin as a ... injury
can result in a serious, spreading ...
very serious; infection
32
emergency treatment for open injuries:
apply a ..., ... dressing
promptly .. the area with a splint/bandage
provide transport to the ED
dry; sterile; immobilize
33
burns account for approximately 3400 deaths per year
among the most serious and painful of all injuries
a burn occurs when the body receives more ... than it can absorb
radiant energy
34
children, older patients, and patients with chronic illnesses are more likely to experience ... from burn injuries
shock
35
burns are .. injuries created by the transfer of .., ..., or ... energy
thermal burns occur when the skin is exposed to temperatures higher than ... degrees Fahrenheit
soft-tissue; radiation; thermal; electrical; 111
36
severity of a thermal injury correlates directly with:
...
...
amount of .. possessed by the object/substance
... of exposure
temp
concentration
heat energy
duration
37
the greater the heat energy, the ... the wound
... is an important factor
people reflexively limit heat energy and exposure time
deeper; exposure time
38
```
when a person is burned, the skin that acts as a barrier is destroyed
burn victims are at high risk for:
..
...
...
...
```
infection
hypothermia
hypovolemia
shock
39
burns to the airway are of significant importance
circumferential burns of the chest can ...
circumferential burns of an extremity can lead to ... compromise and ... damage
compromise breathing; neurovascular compromise; irreversible
40
```
burn severity depends on:
... of burn
... of burn
... areas involved
preexisting medical conditions
patient younger than ... or older than ...
```
depth;
extent
critical
5; 55
41
depth of burns:
... burns (first degree)
... burns (2nd degree)
... burns (3rd degree)
superficial
partial-thickness
full-thickness
42
extent of burns:
estimated using the rule of ... or the rule of ...
the proportions differ for infants, children, and adults
include only ... and ... in estimation of the extent of burn injury
palm; nines; partial-thickness; full-thickness
43
```
when you are assessing a burn, it is important to classify the victim's burns
classification involves determining:
... of the burn
... of the burn
... of the burn
```
source
depth
severity
44
primary assessment--> airway and breathing
| be alert to signs that that the patient has inhaled .. or ...: ... facial hair, ... present in and around the airway
hot gases; vapors; singed; soot
45
```
transport decision
consider rapid transport for a patient who has:
an airway/breathing problem
significant ... injuries
significant external bleeding
signs and symptoms of internal bleeding
```
burn
46
if patient was in a confined space, suspect an ... injury
inhalation
47
```
secondary assess--> physical exam:
perform exam of entire body
make a rough estimate, using the rule of nines, of the ... of the burned area
determine the ... of the burn
determine the ... of the burn
package patient for transport
```
extent; classification; severity
48
communication and documentation:
provide hospital personnel with a description of ... the burn occurred
describe the ... of the burns
document if ... are involved
how; extent; special areas
49
thermal burns:
caused by ...
most commonly, caused by ... or an ...
coming in contact with hot objects produces a ... burn
heat; scalds; open flame; contact
50
thermal burns cont:
a ... burn can produce a topical (scald) burn
a ... burn is produced by an explosion
steam; flash
51
thermal burns--> management:
stop the burning source, ... the burned area, and remove all ...
maintain a high index of suspicion for ... injuries
all patients should have a ... applied
cool; jewelry; inhalation; dry dressing
52
(inhalation burns) can occur when burning takes place in ... spaces without ... --> upper airway damage is often associated with the inhalation of ... gases
lower airway damage is often associated with the inhalation of ... and ... matter
enclosed; ventilation; superheated; chemicals; particulate
53
severe upper airway swelling requires immediate intervention
| the .. process produces a variety of toxic gases
combustion
54
(inhalation burns) ... intoxication should be considered whenever a group of people in the same place all report a headache/nausea
...--> generated by combustion
carbon monoxide; hydrogen cyanide
55
```
(inhalation burns) prehospital treatment of a patient with suspected hydrogen cyanide poisoning includes ... and ... care
care for any toxic gas exposure:
...
...
...
```
decontamination; supportive; recognition; identification; supportive treatment
56
(chemical burns) can occur whenever a toxic substance ...
generally caused by ... or ...
the ... are particularly vulnerable
contacts the body; strong acids; strong alkalis; eyes
57
(chemical burns) severity of the burn is directly related to the:
... of chemical
...of the chemical
... of the exposure
wear appropriate chemical-resistant gloves and eye protection
type
concentration
duration
58
(chemical burns) management:
remove any chemical from the patient
always ... dry chemicals off the skin and clothing before ...
remove the patient's clothing
brush; flushing with water;
59
(chemical burns) for liquid chemicals, immediately begin to flush the burned area with ...
continue flooding the area for ... to ... minutes after the patient says the burning pain has stopped
if the patient's eye has been burned, hold the eyelid open while ... the eye
conduct proper decontamination prior to loading patient
lots of water;
15; 20;
flooding
60
(electrical burns) can occur from contact with ... or ... electricity
for electricity to flow, there must be a ... between the source and the ground
...: any substance that prevents this circuit from being completed
...: any substance that allows a current to flow
high; low-voltage; complete circuit; insulator; conductor
61
(electrical burns) the human body is a good ...
the type of electric current, ... of current, and ... influence the seriousness of the burn
your safety is of particular importance
conductor; magnitude; voltage
62
(electrical burns) a burn injury appears where the electricity ... and ... the body
two dangers:
a large amount of ... injury
... or ... arrest from the electric shock
enters; exits; deep tissue; cardiac; respiratory
63
(electrical burns) management:
if indicated, begin CPR on the patient and apply an AED
be prepared to ... if necessary
give supplemental oxygen and monitor
treat soft-tissue injuries with ... dressings. provide prompt transport
defibrillate; dry, sterile
64
(taser injuries) use of a taser has been associated with ... and ... make sure you have access to an AED when responding to patients who have been exposed to Taser shots
dysrhythmias; sudden cardiac arrest
65
(radiation burns) potential threats include:
incidents related to the use and transportation of ...
intentionally released radioactivity in terrorist attacks
you must determine if there has been a radiation exposure and then whether ongoing exposure continues to exist
radioactive isotopes
66
three types of ionizing radiation:
...
...
...
alpha
beta
gamma
67
most ionizing radiation accidents involve ... radiation (...)
management:
maintain safe distance and wait for the Hazmat team to decontaminate the patient
call for additional resources to ...
begin ABCs and treat burns/trauma
irrigate ...
notify the ED
gamma radiation; x-rays; remove the patient's clothes; open wounds
68
(radiation burns) management contd:
identify the ... and the length of the patient's exposure to it
limit your duration of exposure
increase your distance from the source
place ... between yourself and the sources of gamma radiation
radioactive source; shielding
69
all wounds require ...--> many different types of dressings and bandages
bandaging
70
dressings and bandages have three functions:
to control ...
to protect the wound from ...
to prevent further ... and ...
bleeding; further damage; contamination; infection
71
(sterile dressings) most wounds will be covered by:
... dressings
conventional 4 x 4 and 4 x 8 ...
assorted small adhesive type dressings and soft self-adherent ...
universal dressings are ideal for covering ...
universal; gauze pads; roller dressings; large open wounds
72
(sterile dressings) ... are appropriate for smaller wounds
adhesive-type dressings are useful for ....
occlusive dressings prevent ... and ... from entering/exiting the wound
gauze pads; minor wounds; air; liquids
73
(bandages) to keep dressings in place during transport, you can use:
... bandages
rolls of ...
... bandages
...
the self-adherent, soft roller bandages are easiest to use
soft roller
gauze
triangular
adhesive tape
74
(bandages) ... hold small dressings in place and helps to secure larger dressings
do not use elastic bandages to secure dressings
if a wound continues to bleed despite use of direct pressure, quickly proceed to the use of a ..
adhesive tape; tourniquet
