Chapter 26 Basics

Question 1

Adequate blood flow

Answer 1

efficiency of heart as a pump
patency and responsiveness of blood vessels
adequate circulating blood volume

Question 2

Rate and adequacy of blood flow

Answer 2

nervous system activity, blood viscosity, metabolic needs of tissues

Question 3

Arteries

Answer 3

Resistance vessels, regulate

Question 4

Arteriovenous anastomosis

Answer 4

blood passes directly from arterial to venous system; believed to regulate heat exchange between body and external environment

Question 5

Veins

Answer 5

Capacitance vessels, allows large volume of blood to remain in BVs under low pressure

Question 6

Sympathetic nervous system

Answer 6

innervates vein musculature and can stimulate vasoconstriction (red. venous vol. and inc. circulation vol.)

Question 7

Contraction of skeletal muscles in extremities

Answer 7

creates PRIMARY pumping action to facilitate venous flow back to heart

Question 8

Veins that transport against force of gravity: equipped with one-way bicuspid valves (endothelial leaflets)

Answer 8

preventing retrograde flow/ backflow as it is propelled back to heart

Question 9

Right lymphatic duct

Answer 9

empties into the right subclavian vein
right side of head, neck, thorax, upper arms

Question 10

Thoracic duct

Answer 10

empties into subclavian and internal jugular veins
remainder of body

Question 11

Tissue ischemia

Answer 11

deficient blood supply when BVs fail to dilate in response to demand

Question 12

Chronically elevated arterial resistance

Answer 12

myocardium hypertrophies (enlarges) to sustain great contractile force

Question 13

Bruit

Answer 13

turbulent laminar blood flow
(inc. flow rate, viscosity, BV diameter, or narrowed/ constricted BV)

Question 14

Hydrostatic Pressure

Answer 14

BP, push out

Question 15

Osmotic Pressure

Answer 15

plasma proteins, pull in

Question 16

How the body maintains fluid volume, removing tissue waste and debris:

Answer 16

process of filtration, reabsorption, lymph formation

Question 16

Edema (Causes)

Answer 16

excess interstitial fluid accumulation, poor reabsorption

Question 17

Edema (Effects)

Answer 17

damage to capillary walls and subsequent increase in permeability, lymphatic drainage obstruction, venous pressure elevation, dec. in osmotic force

Question 18

PVR determined by:

Answer 18

vessel radius (diameter) and length, blood viscosity

Question 19

Increased HCT means:
Men: 40 - 54%
Women: 36 - 48%

Answer 19

inc. blood viscosity (indic. dehydration, risk for HBP)

Question 20

PVR Regulating Mechanisms

Answer 20

CNS sympathetic (adrenergic) activity med. by hypothalamus
Vasoactive substances (e.g. NE)
independent arterial wall activity

Question 21

Epinephrine (adrenal medulla)

Answer 21

acts like NE, constrict peripheral blood vessels in most tissue beds; in low conc. causes vasodilation in skeletal muscle, heart and brain

Question 22

Why is Angiotensin important in HF and hypovolemia?

Answer 22

Angiotensin I (renin from kidneys + angiotensinogen as precursor) + ACE (secreted by pulmonary vasculature) = Angiotensin II, potent vasoconstrictor of the arterioles

Question 23

Potent Vasodilators

Answer 23

nitric oxide, prostacyclin, histamine, bradykinin, prostaglandin, some muscle metabolites

Question 24

Proinflammatory Cytokines

Answer 24

liberated from platelet aggregates at site of damaged vessel = arteriolar vasoconstriction and continued platelet aggregation at site of injury